{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:56:04Z","timestamp":1790942164647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer mortality, and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is largely driven by the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major regulators.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This review summarizes recent advances in understanding TAM heterogeneity, their contribution to immune resistance in NSCLC, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2021 and 2025. Key search terms included \u201cnon-small cell lung cancer\u201d, \u201ctumor immune microenvironment\u201d, \u201cmacrophage heterogeneity\u201d, \u201cM1 macrophages\u201d, \u201cM2 macrophages\u201d, \u201cSPP1+ macrophages\u201d, \u201cTREM2+ macrophages\u201d, \u201cimmune checkpoint inhibitor resistance\u201d, \u201cmacrophage metabolic reprogramming\u201d, and \u201cTAM-targeted therapies\u201d. Relevant studies addressing TAM heterogeneity, immune resistance, metabolic and molecular regulation, and therapeutic targeting in NSCLC were prioritized, while earlier studies were included where necessary to provide mechanistic context.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Recent evidence demonstrates that TAMs comprise diverse functional subsets rather than a simple M1\/M2 duality. Distinct populations including CXCL9+, SPP1+, C1Q+, and TREM2+ macrophages differentially regulate T-cell exclusion, immune checkpoint resistance, angiogenesis, and metabolic remodeling. Therapeutic approaches targeting CSF1R, CD47-SIRP\u03b1, metabolic pathways, nanoparticles, epigenetic regulators, engineered macrophages, and microRNA-based strategies show promise but remain limited by macrophage plasticity and compensatory immune mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n A comprehensive understanding of TAM heterogeneity within the tumor immune microenvironment provides a framework for overcoming immune resistance in NSCLC. Future therapeutic strategies should integrate biomarker-guided patient selection with combination approaches that simultaneously target macrophage plasticity and immune suppression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1738437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:14:42Z","timestamp":1790939682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor immune microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Suhaila Fares Albert","family":"Saldana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada Daiyan","family":"Abdulrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsheen","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Cancer Research Institute, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Abu Dhabi University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1600662","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer in adolescents and adults aged 15\u201345: analysis of the global burden of disease study 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oxidation in monocytes and macrophages\n \n \n \n Kruglov\n V\n \n \n Jang\n IH\n \n \n Camell\n CD\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immune evasion\n \n \n \n Huang\n R\n \n \n Kang\n T\n \n \n Chen\n S\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Metabolic regulatory crosstalk between tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophages\n \n \n \n Chen\n D\n \n \n Zhang\n X\n \n \n Li\n Z\n \n \n Zhu\n B\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on T cells: the new pillar of hematological Malignancy\n \n \n \n Jiang\n X\n \n \n Wu\n X\n \n \n Xiao\n Y\n \n \n Wang\n P\n \n \n Zheng\n J\n \n \n Wu\n X\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Myeloid expression of adenosine A2A receptor suppresses T and NK cell responses in the solid tumor microenvironment\n \n \n \n Cekic\n C\n \n \n Day\n YJ\n \n \n Sag\n D\n \n \n Linden\n J\n \n \n \n 2014"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Lipid-loaded macrophages as new therapeutic target in cancer\n \n \n \n Marelli\n G\n \n \n Morina\n N\n \n \n Portale\n F\n \n \n Pandini\n M\n \n \n Iovino\n M\n \n \n Conza\n DG\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"New insights on the role of lipid metabolism in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages\n \n \n \n Batista-Gonzalez\n A\n \n \n Vidal\n R\n \n \n Criollo\n A\n \n \n Carre\u00f1o\n LJ\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"A glimpse of the connection between PPAR\u03b3 and macrophage\n \n \n \n Yu\n L\n \n \n Gao\n Y\n \n \n Aaron\n N\n \n \n Qiang\n L\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Targeting lipid metabolism of macrophages: a new strategy for tumor therapy\n \n \n \n Shao\n N\n \n \n Qiu\n H\n \n \n Liu\n J\n \n \n Xiao\n D\n \n \n Zhao\n J\n \n \n Chen\n C\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macrophage diversity in cancer revisited in the era of single-cell 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cells by suppressing the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway\n \n \n \n Xiao\n D\n \n \n Zhu\n H\n \n \n Xiao\n X\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"Advances in the role of STAT3 in macrophage polarization\n \n \n \n Xia\n T\n \n \n Zhang\n M\n \n \n Lei\n W\n \n \n Yang\n R\n \n \n Fu\n S\n \n \n Fan\n Z\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"The role of MRO as an M2 macrophage-associated gene in non-small cell lung cancer: insights into immune infiltration, prognostic significance, and therapeutic implications\n \n \n \n Gu\n Y\n \n \n Zheng\n M\n \n \n Xie\n J\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy using infusional gemcitabine in locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase II trial\n \n \n \n Bazarbashi\n S\n \n \n Elshenawy\n MA\n \n \n Badran\n A\n \n \n Aljubran\n A\n \n \n Alzahrani\n A\n \n \n Almanea\n H\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Investigation of M2 macrophage-related gene affecting patients 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and Fe3O4 regulate macrophage polarization and phagocytosis for augmented non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy\n \n \n \n Li\n M\n \n \n Li\n Y\n \n \n Zheng\n J\n \n \n Ma\n Z\n \n \n Zhang\n J\n \n \n Wu\n H\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages in a genetically engineered nonsmall cell lung cancer model by intraperitoneal administration of hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles encapsulating microRNA-125b\n \n \n \n Parayath\n NN\n \n \n Parikh\n A\n \n \n Amiji\n MM\n \n \n \n 2018"},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"Microfluidics\u2010enabled nanovesicle delivers CD47\/PD\u2010L1 antibodies to enhance antitumor immunity and reduce immunotoxicity in lung adenocarcinoma\n \n \n \n Su\n Z\n \n \n Dong\n S\n \n \n Chen\n Y\n \n \n Huang\n T\n \n \n Qin\n B\n \n \n Yang\n Q\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"Phase I\/Ib study of pembrolizumab plus vorinostat in advanced\/metastatic non\u2013small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Gray\n JE\n \n \n Saltos\n A\n \n \n Tanvetyanon\n T\n \n \n Haura\n EB\n \n \n Creelan\n B\n \n \n Antonia\n SJ\n \n \n \n 2019"},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"Entinostat plus pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic NSCLC previously treated with anti\u2013PD-(L)1 therapy\n \n \n \n Hellmann\n MD\n \n \n J\u00e4nne\n PA\n \n \n Opyrchal\n M\n \n \n Hafez\n N\n \n \n Raez\n LE\n \n \n Gabrilovich\n DI\n \n \n \n 2021"},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"A narrative review of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: regulation of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications\n \n \n \n Sedighzadeh\n SS\n \n \n Khoshbin\n AP\n \n \n Razi\n S\n \n \n Keshavarz-Fathi\n M\n \n \n Rezaei\n N\n \n \n \n 2021"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"CD47: the next frontier in immune checkpoint blockade for non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n P Y Lau\n A\n \n \n Khavkine\n SS\n \n \n Thu\n KL\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"Expression of CD47 and SIRP\u03b1 macrophage 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\n Zhong\n W\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Durable antitumor responses to CD47 blockade require adaptive immune stimulation\n \n \n \n Sockolosky\n JT\n \n \n Dougan\n M\n \n \n Ingram\n JR\n \n \n Ho\n CCM\n \n \n Kauke\n MJ\n \n \n Almo\n SC\n \n \n \n 2016"},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"Epithelial\u2010mesenchymal plasticity in the D\u2010meso\u2010sonobe mesothelioma cell line: A putative model of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition in mesothelioma\n \n \n \n Okubo\n H\n \n \n Hanamatsu\n Y\n \n \n Saigo\n C\n \n \n Hiroshi\n S\n \n \n Takeuchi\n T\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"A phase I study of ALX148, a CD47 blocker, in combination with standard anticancer antibodies and chemotherapy regimens in patients with advanced Malignancy\n \n \n \n Quan\n L\n \n \n Gainor\n JF\n \n \n Lakhani\n NJ\n \n \n Lee\n KW\n \n \n Chung\n HC\n \n \n Lee\n J\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Tumor microenvironment-driven resistance to immunotherapy 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\n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Targeting and repolarizing M2-like tumor-associated macrophage-mediated MR imaging and tumor immunotherapy by biomimetic nanoparticles\n \n \n \n Chong\n L\n \n \n Jiang\n YW\n \n \n Wang\n D\n \n \n Chang\n P\n \n \n Xu\n K\n \n \n Li\n J\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Cell microparticles loaded with tumor antigen and resiquimod reprogram tumor-associated macrophages and promote stem-like CD8+ T cells to boost anti-PD-1 therapy\n \n \n \n Zhang\n X\n \n \n Wei\n Z\n \n \n Yong\n T\n \n \n Li\n S\n \n \n Bie\n N\n \n \n Li\n J\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer treatment\n \n \n \n Li\n M\n \n \n He\n L\n \n \n Zhu\n J\n \n \n Zhang\n P\n \n \n Liang\n S\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"I\u03baB kinase \u03b2 (IKK\u03b2): Structure, transduction mechanism, biological function, and discovery of its inhibitors\n \n \n \n Zhang\n J\n \n \n Zhang\n R\n \n \n Li\n W\n \n \n Ma\n XC\n \n \n Qiu\n F\n \n \n Sun\n CP\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization by the crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24\n \n \n \n Yu\n T\n \n \n Gan\n S\n \n \n Zhu\n Q\n \n \n Dai\n D\n \n \n Li\n N\n \n \n Wang\n H\n \n \n \n 2019"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"TLR7\/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles promote the polarization of tumour-associated macrophages to enhance cancer immunotherapy\n \n \n \n Rodell\n CB\n \n \n Arlauckas\n SP\n \n \n Cuccarese\n MF\n \n \n Garris\n CS\n \n \n Li\n R\n \n \n Ahmed\n MS\n \n \n \n 2018"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"Dual targeted immunotherapy via in vivo delivery of biohybrid RNAi\u2010peptide nanoparticles to tumor\u2010associated macrophages and cancer cells\n \n \n \n Conde\n J\n \n \n Bao\n C\n \n \n Tan\n Y\n \n \n Cui\n D\n \n \n Edelman\n ER\n \n \n Azevedo\n HS\n \n \n \n 2015"},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"Macrophage based drug delivery: Key challenges and strategies\n \n \n \n Guo\n Q\n \n \n Qian\n ZM\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Macrophage mediated biomimetic delivery system for the treatment of lung metastasis of breast cancer\n \n \n \n Fu\n J\n \n \n Wang\n D\n \n \n Mei\n D\n \n \n Zhang\n H\n \n \n Wang\n Z\n \n \n He\n B\n \n \n \n 2015"},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"M1 macrophage-biomimetic targeted nanoparticles containing oxygen self-supplied enzyme for enhancing the chemotherapy\n \n \n \n Zhang\n J\n \n \n Gu\n B\n \n \n Wu\n S\n \n \n Liu\n L\n \n \n Gao\n Y\n \n \n Yao\n Y\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"Tertiary lymphoid structures combined with biomarkers of inflammation are associated with the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in resectable non\u2010small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study\n \n \n \n Xu\n F\n \n \n Zhu\n H\n \n \n Xiong\n D\n \n \n Wang\n K\n \n \n Dong\n Y\n \n \n Li\n L\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"Targeting METTL3 reprograms the tumor 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the immunomodulatory properties of the HDAC6 inhibitor ACY241 with Oxaliplatin promotes robust anti-tumor response in non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Bag\n A\n \n \n Schultz\n A\n \n \n Bhimani\n S\n \n \n Stringfield\n O\n \n \n Dominguez\n W\n \n \n Mo\n Q\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Targeting reactive oxygen species and fat acid oxidation for the modulation of tumor-associated macrophages: A narrative review\n \n \n \n Teng\n Y\n \n \n Xu\n L\n \n \n Li\n W\n \n \n Liu\n P\n \n \n Tian\n L\n \n \n Liu\n M\n \n \n \n 2023","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224443"},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"The combination of decitabine and aspirin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Xu\n M\n \n \n Song\n B\n \n \n Yang\n X\n \n \n Li\n N\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B94","unstructured":"Exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages\n \n \n \n Chen\n Q\n \n \n Li\n Y\n \n \n Gao\n W\n \n \n Chen\n L\n \n \n Xu\n W\n \n \n Zhu\n X\n \n \n \n 2021"},{"key":"B95","unstructured":"Pancreatic cancer cell exosome-mediated macrophage reprogramming and the role of microRNAs 155 and 125b2 transfection using nanoparticle delivery systems\n \n \n \n Su\n MJ\n \n \n Aldawsari\n H\n \n \n Amiji\n M\n \n \n \n 2016"},{"key":"B96","unstructured":"Regulation and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs to non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Le\n MT\n \n \n Nguyen\n HT\n \n \n Nguyen\n XH\n \n \n Do\n XH\n \n \n Mai\n BT\n \n \n Ngoc Nguyen\n HT\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"Integrated analysis reveals the microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer and a macrophage-related prognostic model\n \n \n \n Xie\n S\n \n \n Huang\n G\n \n \n Qian\n W\n \n \n Wang\n X\n \n \n Zhang\n H\n \n \n Li\n Z\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Paclitaxel, interferons and functional reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages in optimized chemo-immunotherapy\n \n \n \n Kalinski\n P\n \n \n Kokolus\n KM\n \n \n Gandhi\n S\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B99","unstructured":"Paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death in ovarian cancer via TLR4\/IKK2\/SNARE-dependent exocytosis\n \n \n \n Lau\n TS\n \n \n Ying\n K\n \n \n Chi\n G\n \n \n Wong\n CH\n \n \n Ho\n J\n \n \n Yim\n SF\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B100","unstructured":"From immunogenic cell death to immunogenic modulation: Select chemotherapy regimens induce a spectrum of immune-enhancing activities in the tumor microenvironment\n \n \n \n Fabian\n KP\n \n \n Wolfson\n B\n \n \n Hodge\n JW\n \n \n \n 2021"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB\/IV non\u2013small-cell lung cancer: Results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study\n \n \n \n Lynch\n TJ\n \n \n Bondarenko\n I\n \n \n Luft\n A\n \n \n Serwatowski\n P\n \n \n Barlesi\n F\n \n \n Chacko\n R\n \n \n \n 2012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yonc.2012.07.009"},{"key":"B102","unstructured":"Immunogenic effects of chemotherapy-induced tumor cell death\n \n \n \n Wang\n YJ\n \n \n Fletcher\n R\n \n \n Yu\n J\n \n \n Zhang\n L\n \n \n \n 2018"},{"key":"B103","unstructured":"Tumor-associated macrophages: From mechanisms to therapy\n \n \n \n Noy\n R\n \n \n Pollard\n JW\n \n \n \n 2014"},{"key":"B104","unstructured":"Mechanisms of tumor-associated macrophages affecting the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma\n \n \n \n Yuan\n Y\n \n \n Wu\n D\n \n \n Li\n J\n \n \n Huang\n D\n \n \n Zhao\n Y\n \n \n Gao\n T\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B105","unstructured":"Genetically engineered macrophages persist in solid tumors and locally deliver therapeutic proteins to activate immune responses\n \n \n \n Brempelis\n KJ\n \n \n Cowan\n CM\n \n \n Kreuser\n SA\n \n \n Labadie\n KP\n \n \n Prieskorn\n BM\n \n \n Lieberman\n NAP\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B106","unstructured":"Large-scale generation of IL-12 secreting macrophages from human pluripotent stem cells for cancer therapy\n \n \n \n Kang\n B\n \n \n Xing\n Q\n \n \n Huang\n Y\n \n \n Lin\n H\n \n \n Peng\n J\n \n \n Zhang\n Z\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B107","unstructured":"Lung metastasis and recurrence is mitigated by CAR macrophages, in-situ-generated from mRNA delivered by small extracellular vesicles\n \n \n \n Xiao\n Y\n \n \n Zhu\n T\n \n \n Chen\n Z\n \n \n Huang\n X\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B108","unstructured":"Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-M) sensitize HER2+ solid tumors to PD1 blockade in pre-clinical models\n \n \n \n Pierini\n S\n \n \n Gabbasov\n R\n \n \n Oliveira-Nunes\n MC\n \n \n Qureshi\n R\n \n \n Worth\n A\n \n \n Huang\n S\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B109","unstructured":"Unleashing the power of CAR-M therapy in solid tumors: A comprehensive review\n \n \n \n Morva\n A\n \n \n Arroyo\n AB\n \n \n Andreeva\n L\n \n \n Tapia-Abell\u00e1n\n A\n \n \n Luengo-Gil\n G\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B110","unstructured":"Unraveling the enigma of tumor-associated macrophages: Challenges, innovations, and the path to therapeutic breakthroughs\n \n \n \n Shao\n S\n \n \n Miao\n H\n \n \n Ma\n W\n \n \n \n 2023"},{"key":"B111","unstructured":"Tumour-associated macrophages heterogeneity drives resistance to clinical therapy\n \n \n \n Guo\n S\n \n \n Chen\n X\n \n \n Guo\n C\n \n \n Wang\n W\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B112","unstructured":"Clinical landscape of macrophage-reprogramming cancer immunotherapies\n \n \n \n Rannikko\n JH\n \n \n Hollm\u00e9n\n M\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"Predictive value of serum cytokines in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving anti-PD-1 blockade therapy: A meta-analysis\n \n \n \n Liu\n Q\n \n \n Shaibu\n Z\n \n \n Xu\n A\n \n \n Yang\n F\n \n \n Cao\n R\n \n \n Yang\n F\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B114","unstructured":"Prognostic role of serum cytokines level in non-small cell lung cancer patients with anti-PD-1 and chemotherapy combined treatment\n \n \n \n Liu\n H\n \n \n Zhou\n C\n \n \n Jiang\n H\n \n \n Chu\n T\n \n \n Zhong\n R\n \n \n Zhang\n X\n \n \n \n 2024"},{"key":"B115","unstructured":"Harnessing macrophages for precision drug delivery and cancer therapy: Strategies, advances and challenges\n \n \n \n Ji\n M\n \n \n Liu\n H\n \n \n Liang\n X\n \n \n Wei\n M\n \n \n Shi\n D\n \n \n Gou\n J\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B116","unstructured":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to overcome immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma\n \n \n \n Liu\n F\n \n \n Li\n X\n \n \n Zhang\n Y\n \n \n Ge\n S\n \n \n Shi\n Z\n \n \n Liu\n Q\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B117","unstructured":"Emerging therapeutics targeting tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of solid organ cancers\n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"CSF-1R\u2013dependent lethal hepatotoxicity when agonistic CD40 antibody is given before but not after chemotherapy\n \n \n \n Byrne\n KT\n \n \n Leisenring\n NH\n \n \n Bajor\n DL\n \n \n Vonderheide\n RH\n \n \n \n 2016"},{"key":"B119","unstructured":"Therapeutic targeting of the macrophage immune checkpoint CD47 in myeloid Malignancies\n \n \n \n Chao\n MP\n \n \n Takimoto\n CH\n \n \n Feng\n DD\n \n \n McKenna\n K\n \n \n Gip\n P\n \n \n Liu\n J\n \n \n \n 2020"},{"key":"B120","unstructured":"Harnessing macrophages through the blockage of CD47: Implications for acute myeloid leukemia\n \n \n \n Melo Garcia\n L\n \n \n Barab\u00e9\n F\n \n \n \n 2021"},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"Development and validation of a hypoxia-immune-based microenvironment gene signature for predicting survival in non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Zhang\n X\n \n \n Zhou\n R\n \n \n Zhao\n G\n \n \n Chen\n W\n \n \n Zhao\n P\n \n \n Huang\n Y\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"Tumour and microenvironment crosstalk in NSCLC progression and response to therapy\n \n \n \n Rahal\n Z\n \n \n El Darzi\n R\n \n \n Moghaddam\n SJ\n \n \n Cascone\n T\n \n \n Kadara\n H\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B123","unstructured":"Immunotherapy of targeting MDSCs in tumor microenvironment\n \n \n \n Sui\n H\n \n \n Dongye\n S\n \n \n Liu\n X\n \n \n Xu\n X\n \n \n Wang\n L\n \n \n Jin\n CQ\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment \u2013 macrophages emerge as key players in breast cancer immunotherapy\n \n \n \n Sami\n A\n \n \n Raza\n A\n \n \n \n 2024","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1457491"},{"key":"B125","unstructured":"Lactate-mediated metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages: Implications for tumor progression and therapeutic potential\n \n \n \n Jin\n X\n \n \n Zhang\n N\n \n \n Yan\n T\n \n \n Wei\n J\n \n \n Hao\n L\n \n \n Sun\n C\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B126","unstructured":"Spatial signatures for predicting immunotherapy outcomes using multi-omics in non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Aung\n TN\n \n \n Monkman\n J\n \n \n Warrell\n J\n \n \n Vathiotis\n I\n \n \n Bates\n KM\n \n \n Gavrielatou\n N\n \n \n \n 2025"},{"key":"B127","unstructured":"Spatial transcriptomics of macrophage infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer reveals determinants of sensitivity and resistance to anti-PD1\/PD-L1 antibodies\n \n \n \n Larroquette\n M\n \n \n Guegan\n JP\n \n \n Besse\n B\n \n \n Cousin\n S\n \n \n Brunet\n M\n \n \n Le Moulec\n S\n \n \n \n 2022"},{"key":"B128","unstructured":"Imaging biomarkers related to tumor-associated macrophage in immunotherapy treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer\n \n \n \n Li\n S\n \n \n Fu\n Y\n \n \n Ma\n S\n \n \n Shi\n F\n \n \n Liu\n L\n \n \n Liu\n J\n \n \n \n 2025"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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