{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:05:07Z","timestamp":1789362307258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated whether adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-exosomes (ADMSC-Exo) alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis through the miR-19b-3p\/TGFBR2\/Smad4 signaling axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An LPS-induced mouse model of ALI was established and treated with ADMSC-Exo or adenoviral TGFBR2 overexpression (Ad-TGFBR2). Lung histopathology, lung wet-to-dry (W\/D) weight ratio, macrophage polarization, and pyroptosis were evaluated.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , macrophages with TGFBR2 knockdown or overexpression were stimulated with LPS and treated with ADMSC-Exo. Lung epithelial cells were subsequently cultured with macrophage-conditioned medium. The expression of miR-19b-3p, TGFBR2, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), together with macrophage polarization, pyroptosis, and epithelial cell apoptosis, was assessed. Predicted molecular interactions were validated using bioinformatic analyses and the JASPAR database.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ADMSC-Exo alleviated LPS-induced lung injury by preserving alveolar architecture and reducing lung injury scores and the W\/D ratio. They inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and pyroptosis both\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , thereby decreasing apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. Mechanistically, ADMSC-Exo-delivered miR-19b-3p, which targeted TGFBR2 and inhibited TGFBR2\/Smad4 signaling, resulting in transcriptional suppression of NLRP3 expression. Inhibition of miR-19b-3p or overexpression of Smad4\/NLRP3 partially abolished the protective effects of ADMSC-Exo. Collectively, ADMSC-Exo attenuated LPS-induced ALI by suppressing NLRP3-mediated macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis through the miR-19b-3p\/TGFBR2\/Smad4 signaling axis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADMSC-derived exosomes alleviate LPS-induced acute lung injury by delivering miR-19b-3p to inhibit the TGFBR2\/Smad4 signaling pathway, thereby suppressing NLRP3-mediated macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis and reducing lung epithelial cell apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:38:49Z","timestamp":1789360729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-exosomes attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating the TGFBR2\/Smad4 axis to suppress NLRP3-mediated macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baolong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangqiang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinliang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital Ganzhou Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital","place":["Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091425","article-title":"Rabeprazole promotes vascular repair and resolution of sepsis-induced inflammatory lung injury through HIF-1alpha","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104192","article-title":"HMGB1 aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through suppressing the activity and function of Tregs","volume":"356","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1415145","article-title":"Role and mechanisms of autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01378-2","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury\/acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03775-3","article-title":"Exosomal miR-30d-5p of neutrophils induces M1 macrophage polarization and primes macrophage pyroptosis in sepsis-related acute lung injury","volume":"25","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.032","article-title":"Inhibition of the C3a receptor attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by suppressing pyroptosis of the pulmonary vascular endothelial cells","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03125-1","article-title":"Biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications","volume":"76","author":"Naji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03253-3","article-title":"Dose-specific efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in septic mice","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01902-5","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate acute lung injury and improve the gut microbiota in septic rats","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120938","article-title":"Study of immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in a mouse model of LPS induced systemic inflammation","volume":"310","author":"Eshghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00785-6","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate sepsis-induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting the secretion of IL-27 in macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114658","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ADSC-derived exosomes in acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization through IRF7\/NLRP3 signaling","volume":"156","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2023.105709","article-title":"Knockdown of angiopoietin-like 4 suppresses sepsis-induced acute lung injury by blocking the NF-kappaB pathway activation and hindering macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis","volume":"94","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitro"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01561-z","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 enhances LPS-induced apoptotic and inflammatory damages in human lung epithelial cells via regulating the miR-140-5p\/TGFBR2\/Smad3 signal network","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01460-9","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes carry microRNA-671 to alleviate myocardial infarction through inactivating the TGFBR2\/Smad2 axis","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00527-z","article-title":"Role of miRNA dysregulation in sepsis","volume":"28","author":"Formosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-020-00408-3","article-title":"Clinical significance of miR-19b-3p in patients with sepsis and its regulatory role in the LPS-induced inflammatory response","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1201-y","article-title":"Non-Smad signaling pathways","volume":"347","author":"Mu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2019.08.04","article-title":"The impact of somatic SMAD4 mutations in colorectal liver metastases","volume":"8","author":"Xourafas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03215-8","article-title":"MFGE8 regulates the EndoMT of HLMECs through the BMP signaling pathway and fibrosis in acute lung injury","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147003","article-title":"iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the therapeutic effects of 2% hydrogen gas inhalation on brain injury in septic mice","volume":"1746","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05265-y","article-title":"Recruitment of LEF1 by Pontin chromatin modifier amplifies TGFBR2 transcription and activates TGFbeta\/SMAD signalling during gliomagenesis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108620","article-title":"SUMO protease SENP1 acts as a ceRNA for TGFBR2 and thus activates TGFBR2\/Smad signaling responsible for LPS-induced sepsis","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2022.108969","article-title":"SMAD4 transcriptionally activates GCN5 to inhibit apoptosis and promote osteogenic differentiation in dexamethasone-induced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"179","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1431482\/v1","article-title":"Downregulation of DNA methyltransferase-3a ameliorates the osteogenic differentiation ability of adipose-derived stem cells in diabetic osteoporosis via Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2830565","article-title":"Hypoxia promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) by regulating Mettl3 and paracrine factors","volume":"2020","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131273","article-title":"Exosomes from mesenchymal stromal cells reduce murine colonic inflammation via a macrophage-dependent mechanism","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7837837","article-title":"Differential lung protective capacity of exosomes derived from human adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"2022","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080457","article-title":"Lung-based, exosome inhibition mediates systemic impacts following particulate matter exposure","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.02.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs-103\/107 regulate autophagy in the epidermis","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1084-3","article-title":"LncRNA TUG1 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by targeting miR-34b-5p\/GAB1","volume":"20","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0357oc","article-title":"Euthanasia- and lavage-mediated effects on bronchoalveolar measures of lung injury and inflammation","volume":"59","author":"Tighe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/aalas-jaalas-23-000020","article-title":"Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on C57BL\/6J pups after cervical dislocation of dams","volume":"62","author":"Hunter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0210st","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals","volume":"44","author":"Matute-Bello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.07.021","article-title":"LncRNA THRIL aggravates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating miR-424\/ROCK2 axis","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107529","article-title":"Loganin alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69533","article-title":"AdMSC-derived exosomes alleviate acute lung injury via transferring mitochondrial component to improve homeostasis of alveolar macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118658","article-title":"Exosomal miR-21 secreted by IL-1beta-primed-mesenchymal stem cells induces macrophage M2 polarization and ameliorates sepsis","volume":"264","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1197","article-title":"Pyroptosis and polarization of macrophages in septic acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00239","article-title":"TGFBR2 regulates Hedgehog pathway and cervical cancer cell proliferation and migration by mediating SMAD4","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.012","article-title":"The immunology of sepsis","volume":"54","author":"van der Poll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2021.1928693","article-title":"LncRNA CASC2 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating the miR-152-3p\/PDK4 axis","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaa039","article-title":"Ruscogenin attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction via TLR4\/Src\/p120-catenin\/VE-cadherin signalling pathway","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01267-z","article-title":"Protection of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells during acute lung injury requires autophagy maintained by mTOR","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.06.017","article-title":"Mechanism of exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on sepsis-induced acute lung injury by promoting TGF-beta secretion in macrophages","volume":"174","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02926-8","article-title":"Glycolytic enzyme PGK1 promotes M1 macrophage polarization and induces pyroptosis of acute lung injury via regulation of NLRP3","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate overwhelming systemic inflammatory reaction and organ damage and improve outcome in rat sepsis syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00391.2018","article-title":"Prophylactic treatment with MSC-derived exosomes attenuates traumatic acute lung injury in rats","volume":"316","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200228rrrrr","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 2 is required for heparin-binding protein-induced acute lung injury and vascular leakage for transforming growth factor-beta\/Smad\/Rho signaling pathway activation","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.07.039","article-title":"Novel contributions of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm, the role of neutrophil extracellular traps: A systematic review","volume":"194","author":"Plana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091236","article-title":"Neutrophils as regulators and biomarkers of cardiovascular inflammation in the context of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"9","author":"Klopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108626","article-title":"A TGFBR2\/SMAD2\/DNMT1\/miR-145 negative regulatory loop is responsible for LPS-induced sepsis","volume":"112","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2912409","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine mitigates acute lung injury by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization and inhibiting RAGE\/Caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.09.005","article-title":"In vivo depletion of CD206+ M2 macrophages exaggerates lung injury in endotoxemic mice","volume":"185","author":"Kambara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2023.2177082","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-30e-5p ameliorates high-glucose induced renal proximal tubular cell pyroptosis by inhibiting ELAVL1","volume":"45","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1525466","article-title":"Recent advances in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for regulating macrophage polarization","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-1806","article-title":"miR-211-5p inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induces apoptosis of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts by regulating TGFbetaR2 expression","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00107","article-title":"miR-20a-5p\/TGFBR2 axis affects pro-inflammatory macrophages and aggravates liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.379","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling controls FSHR signaling-reduced ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis through the SMAD4\/miR-143 axis","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11601","article-title":"Methylation of miR-19b-3p promoter exacerbates inflammatory responses in sepsis-induced ALI via targeting KLF7","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.02.004","article-title":"hASCs-derived exosomal miR-155-5p targeting TGFbetaR2 promotes autophagy and reduces pyroptosis to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.019","article-title":"A critical role for transcription factor Smad4 in T cell function that is independent of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling","volume":"42","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0205-2","article-title":"SMAD4 feedback regulates the canonical TGF-beta signaling pathway to control granulosa cell apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0073-0","article-title":"NLRP3\/ASC-mediated alveolar macrophage pyroptosis enhances HMGB1 secretion in acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"98","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00347","article-title":"Berberine inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory macrophage M1 polarization to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739115\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:38:55Z","timestamp":1789360735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739115\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1739115"}}