{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:32:41Z","timestamp":1788820361075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild ischemic stroke accounts for over half of all stroke cases, yet how peripheral immune responses evolve over time\u2014and how they differ by infarct location\u2014remains poorly defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood was collected from ten patients with mild ischemic stroke and five matched controls at days 1, 3, and 7 after onset. Patients were stratified by cortical or subcortical infarction. High-dimensional mass cytometry was used to characterize immune cell composition and immune checkpoint expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subcortical infarction was associated with sustained expansion of classical monocytes, persistent reduction of intermediate monocytes, and delayed PD-1\/PD-L1 regulatory signaling, indicating prolonged myeloid-driven inflammation. In contrast, cortical infarction exhibited a more balanced monocyte profile and earlier PD-1 upregulation on dendritic cells and classical monocytes. CD4\u207a and CD8\u207a T-cell subsets showed distinct, location-dependent dynamics: cortical infarction induced earlier modulation of memory and regulatory phenotypes, whereas subcortical infarction produced slower but more persistent shifts. CCR5-defined CD8\u207a T-cell subsets also differed markedly, with subcortical infarction showing enrichment of CCR5\u207a effector cells, reduced checkpoint expression, and contraction of the CCR5\u207b compartment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral immune remodeling in mild ischemic stroke displays clear infarct location\u2013specific trajectories. These findings highlight infarct topology as a critical determinant of post-stroke immune regulation and support the development of location-adapted immunomodulatory strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:25:41Z","timestamp":1769491541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CyTOF profiling identifies location-specific peripheral immune checkpoint and immune cell subset in mild ischemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Joint Innovation Center for 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