{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:14:17Z","timestamp":1788848057702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders in the general population. It is characterized by recurrent alterations in nocturnal oxygenation, which have wide-ranging consequences on health. Beyond its well-established links to cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic diseases, recent evidence suggests a possible association between OSA and cancer, particularly lung cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The advent of immunotherapy has significantly improved outcomes for lung cancer patients in both early and advanced stages. However, immunotherapy is frequently associated with endocrine toxicities, which may overlap or interact with the metabolic alterations observed in OSA. This perspective aims to emphasize the clinical relevance of diagnosing and treating OSA in lung cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy, as proper management could help optimize both therapeutic efficacy and overall health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1741875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:16:19Z","timestamp":1770707779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Obstructive sleep apnea as a modifier of endocrine toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Pisanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia","place":["Foggia, Italy"]},{"name":"Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicine, Foggia Polyclinic University-Hospital","place":["Foggia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bertuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Conio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Arminio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klodjana","family":"Mucaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Montini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Saddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Radiation Therapy, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Corallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Oncology, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo G.","family":"Corsico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Insalaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Italian National Research Council","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Foschino Barbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia","place":["Foggia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia","place":["Foggia, Italy"]},{"name":"Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicine, Foggia Polyclinic University-Hospital","place":["Foggia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fanfulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Function and Sleep Medicine Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Pavia and Montescano","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"D\u2019Agnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Medicine \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, A.O. dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Perrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Medicine \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, A.O. dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Lacedonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia","place":["Foggia, Italy"]},{"name":"Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Specialistic Medicine, Foggia Polyclinic University-Hospital","place":["Foggia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia M.","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000729","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cancer: a complex relationship","volume":"26","author":"Marrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210082","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0082-2021","article-title":"Defining obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a failure of semantic rules","volume":"17","author":"Riha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"144","author":"Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06454.x","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia is a key regulator of cancer cell and endothelial cell interplay in tumours","volume":"275","author":"Toffoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00166808","article-title":"Sleep, sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic consequences","volume":"34","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.10.011","article-title":"Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and overlap syndrome (OS): The role of nocturnal hypoxemia and CPAP compliance","volume":"112","author":"Tondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-017-0451-8","article-title":"Neurological deficits in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Ferini-Strambi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6004","article-title":"Sleep apnea and cancer: analysis of a nationwide population sample","volume":"39","author":"Gozal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: A review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.07.017","article-title":"The role of obstructive sleep apnea and nocturnal hypoxia as predictors of mortality in cancer patients","volume":"121","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8432","article-title":"Severe OSA associated with higher risk of mortality in stage III and IV lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000492273","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing is highly prevalent in patients with lung cancer: results of the sleep apnea in lung cancer study","volume":"97","author":"Cabezas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02789-z","article-title":"Predictors of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in patients with lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Zidan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2024.09.010","article-title":"MiRNA expression affects survival in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Soccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101269","article-title":"Sex-specific associations between sleep apnoea and lung cancer risk in patients with COPD: a nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Proesmans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-23-1641","article-title":"Is obstructive sleep apnea a risk factor for lung cancer? - from pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical data","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Trans Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2023.2279813","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea promotes the progression of lung cancer by modulating cancer cell invasion and cancer-associated fibroblast activation via TGF\u03b2 signaling","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox report: Commun Free Radical Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.10558","article-title":"Mahdi A Unmasking the link between sleep apnea and lung cancer risk: A retrospective propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Al-Nusair","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.06.055","article-title":"Association between nocturnal hypoxemia and cancer incidence in patients investigated for OSA: data from a large multicenter french cohort","volume":"158","author":"Justeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1374236","article-title":"A review of obstructive sleep apnea and lung cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic options","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01050-2023","article-title":"Linking obstructive sleep apnoea and lung cancer: a further step down the road","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63238-x","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnea with risk of lung cancer: a nationwide cohort study in Korea","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20565623.2025.2541530","article-title":"Causal effect of potential risk factors on obstructive sleep apnea: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1346809","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and risk of lung cancer: findings from a collection of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00057-2020","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome: results from a 30-year prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Dodds","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70009-2","article-title":"Oncogenes in non-small-cell lung cancer: emerging connections and novel therapeutic dynamics","volume":"1","author":"Stella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26210","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profile during different conditions of hypoxia","volume":"9","author":"Lacedonia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.08.008","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia and cancer: Undesirable bed partners","volume":"256","author":"Almendros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-28938-5.00014-3","article-title":"Chapter 7 - Interconnections between nocturnal respiratory disorders and cancer","volume-title":"Sleep and Cancer","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2026"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106864","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes oligodendrocyte lineage cell dysfunction and cognitive deficits in a murine model: Partial reversal by reoxygenation treatment","volume":"136","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1359-18.2018","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia disrupts adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus","volume":"39","author":"Khuu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07802-6","article-title":"Acute vs. chronic vs. intermittent hypoxia in breast Cancer: a review on its application in in vitro research","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0412LE","article-title":"Effects of sustained and intermittent hypoxia on human lung cancer cells","volume":"61","author":"Marhuenda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-023-02925-x","article-title":"MiR-210-3p enhances intermittent hypoxia-induced tumor progression via inhibition of E2F3","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2023.07.001","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia mediates cancer development and progression through HIF-1 and miRNA regulation","volume":"59","author":"Moriondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086875","article-title":"Differential impact of intermittent vs. Sustained hypoxia on HIF-1, VEGF and proliferation of HepG2 cells","volume":"24","author":"Paradis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2010.522988","article-title":"Targeting the MET oncogene in cancer and metastases","volume":"19","author":"Stella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01655-6","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia promoted lung cancer stem cell-like properties via enhancing Bach1 expression","volume":"22","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212930","article-title":"Effect of cyclical intermittent hypoxia on Ad5CMVCre induced solitary lung cancer progression and spontaneous metastases in the KrasG12D+; p53fl\/fl; myristolated p110fl\/fl ROSA-gfp mouse","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110652","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia inhibits anti-tumor immune response via regulating PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"122","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01487-0","article-title":"Sleep and oxidative stress: current perspectives on the role of NRF2","volume":"44","author":"Davinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2025.06.022","article-title":"Modulation of hypoxia-sensitive non-coding RNAs following continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea in peripheral blood","volume":"141","author":"Fanfulla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01895-3","article-title":"OSA and CPAP therapy: effect of gender, somnolence, and treatment adherence on health-related quality of life","volume":"24","author":"Lo Bue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00002-5","article-title":"Positive airway pressure therapy and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and confounder-adjusted, non-randomised controlled studies","volume":"13","author":"Benjafield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141609","article-title":"Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells","volume":"25","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.004","article-title":"Cancer-cell-intrinsic mechanisms shaping the tumor immune landscape","volume":"48","author":"Wellenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2039-2","article-title":"CTLA-4 expression in the non-small cell lung cancer patient tumor microenvironment: diverging prognostic impact in primary tumors and lymph node metastases","volume":"66","author":"Paulsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01987-7","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.08.001","article-title":"Targeting PD-1\/PD-L1 in tumor immunotherapy: Mechanisms and interactions with host growth regulatory pathways","volume":"79","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189244","article-title":"Unraveling resistance in lung cancer immunotherapy: clinical milestones, mechanistic insights, and future strategies","volume":"26","author":"Vitale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000300","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 axis in lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Santini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer J"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","article-title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0124","article-title":"The use of combination immunotherapies as front-line therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Santana-Davila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.2668","article-title":"Late-onset immune-related adverse events after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"8","author":"Durbin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103632","article-title":"A 1-year follow-up study on checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: results from a European consortium","volume":"9","author":"Lenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.140238","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the prevalence and incidence of cancer","volume":"186","author":"Kendzerska","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028930","article-title":"Cancer and obstructive sleep apnea: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202108-960OC","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cheong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064501","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnoea and cancer: a cross-sectional, population-based study of the DISCOVERY cohort","volume":"13","author":"Palm","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111696","article-title":"Sleep disorders in cancer-A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"B\u00fcttner-Teleag\u0103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac085","article-title":"Utilization of immunotherapy in patients with cancer treated in routine care settings: A population-based study using health administrative data","volume":"27","author":"Raphael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2535","article-title":"Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy drugs","volume":"2","author":"Haslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.17953","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of perioperative immunotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00513-8","article-title":"Landscape of subsequent therapies in perioperative immunotherapy trials across multiple cancer types","volume":"26","author":"Semaan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.01.44","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia enhances the tumor programmed death ligand 1 expression in a mouse model of sleep apnea","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305230","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia induces Th17\/Treg imbalance in a murine model of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30915","article-title":"Murine pro-inflammatory responses to acute and sustained intermittent hypoxia: implications for obstructive sleep apnea research","author":"Koritala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1654450","article-title":"Advances in immunology of obstructive sleep apnea: mechanistic insights, clinical impact, and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115665240294605240426123650","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome triggers inflammation of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"25","author":"Yangzhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21596","article-title":"A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity","volume":"70","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000368","article-title":"Toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic study","volume":"109","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-021-00833-8","article-title":"A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity: immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Chhabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Haanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00484-3","article-title":"Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","article-title":"Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"Linee guida GESTIONE DELLA TOSSICITA\u0300 DA IMMUNOTERAPIA"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0057","article-title":"NCCN guidelines\u00ae Insights: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, version 2.2024","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.55729\/2000-9666.1375","article-title":"Immunotherapy induced adrenal insufficiency: an underdiagnosed cause of persistent hypotension in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.798253","article-title":"Immunotherapy-associated hypothyroidism: comparison of the pre-existing with de-novo hypothyroidism","volume":"13","author":"Kristan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10632","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis: an adverse reaction to immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Keerty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000043266","article-title":"Subtype-specific causal effects of hypothyroidism on obstructive sleep apnea: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14685","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"98","author":"Akset","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1872_24","article-title":"Polysomnographic evaluation of sleep quality and quantitative variables in patients of hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Ghantasala","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-025-03350-y","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea and thyroid-disorders","volume":"29","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.69855","article-title":"Evaluating the spectrum of sleep abnormalities in patients with primary hypothyroidism","volume":"16","author":"Acharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_912_23","article-title":"Assessment of risk of obstructive sleep apnea with thyroid eye disease and its activity","volume":"71","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_134_2","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Pancholi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.01.027","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and thyroid function: A 10-year retrospective study","volume":"103","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07461-0","article-title":"The impact of thyroidectomy on obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"279","author":"Masarwy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1451645","article-title":"The long-term prognostic implications of free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine ratio in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and acute coronary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S507318","article-title":"Associations among obstructive sleep apnea, thyroid function and morphology changes","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S525750","article-title":"Independent association of sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden and sleep breathing impairment index with thyroid function in obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1010646","article-title":"Epworth sleepiness scale is associated with hypothyroidism in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13664","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on male reproductive function: a multi-arm randomised trial","volume":"32","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03036-x","article-title":"Does obstructive sleep apnea-induced intermittent hypoxia increase the incidence of solitary pulmonary nodules, thyroid nodules, and other disorders? A retrospective study based on 750 cardiovascular disease patients","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07457-w","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnea with thyroid cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"279","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.04.015","article-title":"Impact of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea on aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06896-1","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and thyroid cancer incidence: a national health insurance data study","volume":"278","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0954-6111(99)90068-9","article-title":"Pituitary reactivity, androgens and catecholamines in obstructive sleep apnoea. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP)","volume":"93","author":"Bratel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23011","article-title":"Serum testosterone\/cortisol ratio in people with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"34","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222592","article-title":"Adrenal gland size in obstructive sleep apnea: Morphological assessment of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity","volume":"14","author":"Minami","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47061-3","article-title":"Does nesfatin-1 influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in adult males with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"9","author":"Batura-Gabryel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B104","article-title":"Pituitary-gonadal function in men with obstructive sleep apnea. The effect of continuous positive airways pressure treatment","volume":"24","author":"Luboshitzky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8663","article-title":"Decreased pituitary-gonadal secretion in men with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"87","author":"Luboshitzky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70240","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness, but not insomnia is associated with dyslipidaemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea participating in ESADA","volume":"11","author":"Bikov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej13-0255","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome causes a pseudo-Cushing\u2019s state in Japanese obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Tamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800500456895","article-title":"Cortisol circadian rhythm and 24-hour Holter arterial pressure in OSAS patients","volume":"31","author":"Parlapiano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2020.1776530","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea caused by acromegaly: Case report","volume":"40","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1619371","article-title":"Glucose and lipid metabolism in non-diabetic, non-obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea: sex differences","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.08.001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in women: associations with reproductive aging and screening challenges","author":"Dunietz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.325676","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiometabolic disease: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes","volume":"137","author":"Tasali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155574","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: an update","volume":"14","author":"Gentile","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157423","article-title":"Elevated IGFBP4 and cognitive impairment in a PTFE-induced mouse model of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"AlShawaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112388","article-title":"Predicting factors of sleep quality among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"227","author":"Kurnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09985-x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is ralated to metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124168","article-title":"A structured narrative review of the OSA-T2DM axis","volume":"14","author":"Passali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.000000000000034","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on vascular structure and function in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Nithitsutthibuta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106819","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and sex-related differences in the clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnea in Italian patients","volume":"136","author":"Insalaco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202409-923OC","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of tirzepatide, liraglutide, and semaglutide in reduction of risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: real-world evidence","volume":"22","author":"Henney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112225","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with cardiac structural and functional alterations in patients with advanced diabetic kidney disease","volume":"226","author":"Nielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133788","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ventricular remodeling of patients with combined diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea: a cross-sectional study and follow-on randomized clinical trial","volume":"441","author":"Quinaglia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1682903","article-title":"The utility of caffeine citrate as a neuroprotectant in the early life of premature newborns: a literature review of the effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Phung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412040","article-title":"Limited microvascular remodelling occurs in the aged human hippocampus in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05532-x","article-title":"Combined maternal immune activation and prenatal intermittent hypoxic stress lead to developmental motor deficits in rats: a two-hit animal model for cerebral palsy across different age trajectories","volume":"63","author":"Iwhiwhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2588664","article-title":"Paraventricular nucleus neurons: important regulators of respiratory movement in mice with chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03628-8","article-title":"MiR-106a-5p in extracellular vesicles derived from alveolar epithelial cells mediates cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in mice through MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00730-7","article-title":"Sex differences in endocrine, metabolic and psychological disturbance in obese patients with OSA","volume":"16","author":"Zi Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04322-8","article-title":"Enhanced detection of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea using a novel diagnostic algorithm","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad022","article-title":"Screening for primary aldosteronism among hypertensive adults with obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective population-based study","volume":"36","author":"Hundemer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1741875\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:16:22Z","timestamp":1770707782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1741875\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1741875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1741875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1741875"}}