{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T18:40:01Z","timestamp":1770316801227,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obesity is a complex chronic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation, dysregulation of energy homeostasis, and associated mild inflammation, significantly increasing the risk of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. Addressing this requires innovative approaches targeting the underlying mechanisms. This study investigates the therapeutic effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Anisakis simplex-<\/jats:italic>\n                      derived macrophage migration inhibitory factor (1) on adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation in high-fat diet (2)-induced obesity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the effects of rAs-MIF on adipocyte differentiation, lipid droplet formation, and expression of adipogenic and inflammatory genes in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, we investigated the effects of orally administered rAs-MIF on lipid accumulation, glucose metabolism, serum biochemical markers, and immune regulation in mice fed a 45% high-fat diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>rAs-MIF dose-dependently reduced lipid droplet size and triglyceride accumulation, inhibited adipogenesis and inflammatory gene expression, and upregulated adiponectin levels in 3T3-L1 cells. In HFD-fed mice, rAs-MIF decreased body weight gain, fat mass, and serum lipid levels, enhanced glucose tolerance, and activated interscapular brown adipose tissue while suppressing epididymal white adipose tissue lipid synthesis. Moreover, it modulated the immune balance by promoting the polarization of anti-inflammatory macrophages and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>rAs-MIF demonstrates a dual regulatory effect on adipogenesis and metabolism, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1742993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:44:39Z","timestamp":1770273879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Macrophage migration inhibitory factor from nematode parasite as a novel approach to combat obesity and its metabolic complications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mi-Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University","place":["Yangsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MinKyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hak Sun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University","place":["Yangsan, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital","place":["Yangsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12172","article-title":"TLR2-dependent amelioration of allergic airway inflammation by parasitic nematode type II MIF in mice","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109924","article-title":"The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice","volume":"117","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)72062-7","article-title":"Growth and cytodifferentiation of 3T3-L1 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