{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1790323085977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030B_179570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030B_179570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013362","name":"Swiss Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells respond to persistent stimulation during chronic viral infection by stably expressing co-inhibitory receptors and other exhaustion-related molecules. Here we addressed how memory-like CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T (T\n                    <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells, which sustain the immune response to chronic infection thanks to their stem-like properties, adapt to chronic stimulation when they cannot express the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. We found an increased initial generation and stable long-term persistence of T\n                    <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells lacking PD-1 during chronic viral infection. However, these cells had a reduced ability regenerate upon acute restimulation in the context of a recall response. Mechanistically, the lack of PD-1-mediated inhibition was not compensated by an increased expression of other co-inhibitory receptors or exhaustion related molecules. Rather, the absence of PD-1 resulted in a reduced capacity of the TCR to activate T\n                    <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells and to express stemness genes including\n                    <jats:italic>Myb<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klf4<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Similar albeit weaker effects on T\n                    <jats:sub>ML<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells were noted when PD-1 engagement was transiently interrupted due to anti-PD-L1 treatment. Thus, stem-like CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells responding to chronic viral infection adapt to the absence of PD-1-dependent co-inhibitory signals by further reducing TCR-mediated activation signaling, likely to prevent excessive or prolonged stimulation of these cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1743170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:44:20Z","timestamp":1770273860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Memory-like CD8+ T cells lacking PD-1 adapt to persistent stimulation by reducing TCR signal transduction rather than increasing exhaustion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Charmoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, 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