{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:32:08Z","timestamp":1793140328990,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic liver disease (CLD) represents a major global public health challenge, necessitating a systematic understanding of its complex immunopathological mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes the groundbreaking applications of cutting-edge technologies\u2014including single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and organoid models\u2014in chronic liver disease immunology research: Single-cell sequencing resolves immune cell heterogeneity at unprecedented resolution, identifies rare cell subsets, and reveals dynamic changes and regulatory networks through multi-omics integration; Spatial transcriptomics complements this by mapping immune-stromal interactions within structural contexts such as the portal tract, fibrotic septa, and tumor niches, uncovering spatially organized immune evasion mechanisms and microenvironmental remodeling; Organoid technology constructs humanized liver-immune models that recapitulate disease-specific features\u2014such as fibrosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma\u2014enabling mechanistic validation, drug screening, and individualized therapeutic exploration. The synergistic integration of multi-omics profiling, spatial mapping, and organoid modeling is driving a paradigm shift in chronic liver disease immunology\u2014transitioning from static cellular descriptions to spatiotemporal mechanism decoding, and from population-level insights to individualized pathophysiology and treatment prediction. These advanced approaches establish a technological foundation for building precision immunotherapeutic strategies tailored to spatiotemporal regulation of the liver immune microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1743439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:51:09Z","timestamp":1769428269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated multi-omics, spatial profiling and organoid modeling drive transformative advances in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma immunomicroenvironment research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou 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