{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:13:12Z","timestamp":1784290392728,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4R00AI173401-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R00AI173401-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>B cells play a crucial role in immunity against various infectious diseases. However, their role in tuberculosis (TB) has been largely understudied. Emerging evidence suggests that B cells actively shape immune responses in TB. Beyond their classical functions, B cells contribute to the formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT), a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) that enhances localized immune responses in the lungs. As iBALT is a site for B-T cell interactions and the generation of high-affinity antibodies, recent studies suggest that sex differences in iBALT formation influence TB immunity. This review synthesizes evidence from both TB and non-TB models to highlight the expanding role of B cells and iBALT, underscoring their potential implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1743572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:36:59Z","timestamp":1770187019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["B cells and iBALT in TB immunity &amp; pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Taru S.","family":"Dutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, AL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research 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