{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:07:39Z","timestamp":1784696859656,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is an infectious hoof disease associated with multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, causing significant economic and welfare concerns in the cattle industry. Studies regarding T-cell mediated immune responses are limited in BDD. Using a mouse model, this study analyzed different T-cell subsets involved in immune responses against BDD-associated treponemes. Additionally, this study measured\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific IgG antibody titers to elucidate humoral immune responses. Mice were experimentally infected with 2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells\/mL of live\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    HNW1\n                    <jats:italic>, T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    GNW45,\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedicariei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and their combination. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks, mice were sacrificed, blood serum was collected and T-cells were isolated from the spleen.\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific IgG antibody titers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and T-cell phenotypes were analyzed using flow cytometry. All\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected groups recorded a high\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific IgG antibody titers from 1 week to 6 weeks post-infection. A reduction in subpopulation percentage of CD44\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    expressing T-cell on both CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    were observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected groups from 1 week to 6 weeks post-infection suggesting a decrease in T-cell activation. Higher subpopulation percentage of CD44\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , CD62L\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    expressing T-cells on both CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    were observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected groups at 1 week post-infection which might indicate a reduction in the activity effector T-cells, thereby decreasing their effector functions against\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Higher subpopulation percentage of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , CD44\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cells expressing IRF4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD27\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    without CD127 expression were observed in all\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected groups from 1 week to 6 weeks post-infection. These findings may be associated with altered cytotoxic T-cell differentiation and exhaustion-like T-cell features. The significantly higher subpopulation percentage of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cells expressing Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    compared to other CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    helper T-cell subsets suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection may be associated with a regulatory T-cell\u2013related immune response. Our findings reveal that BDD-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. has the potential to impair key aspects of T-cell mediated immunity as indicated by alterations in subpopulation percentage of different T-cell subsets. Collectively, our result advances our understanding of the immunological interactions between BDD-associated treponemes and the host offering valuable insights into the immunopathogenesis of BDD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1744712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:48:15Z","timestamp":1784695695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered splenic T-cell subpopulation dynamics in a murine model of bovine digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Edeneil Jerome","family":"Valete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University","place":["Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of 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