{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:39:47Z","timestamp":1792802387316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009945","name":"Merck KGaA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FLR\\R1\\191058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLR\\R1\\191058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis remains a significant public health challenge in endemic regions, leading to substantial morbidity. While regular mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ) is a cornerstone schistosomiasis control programs in endemic areas, emerging evidence suggests that its benefits may extend beyond mere parasite killing. we sought to determine whether sustained PZQ MDA promotes the development of protective immunity in school-aged children. Building on previous observations in animal models where repeated cycles of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection followed by PZQ treatment enhanced host resistance to reinfection, we hypothesized that repeated MDA of PZQ in endemic settings similarly promotes the development of protective anti-schistosome immunity. Accordingly, this study aimed to translate these observations into real-world evidence and investigate the broader association between regular PZQ administration on schistosomiasis infections, burden dynamics, and associated health outcomes in SAC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional study on previously collected samples from school-aged children in schistosomiasis-endemic regions who received repeated MDA of PZQ. Levels of plasma antibodies and cytokines were measured by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of previously collected samples and data from cumulative annual rounds of PZQ treatment demonstrated that regular administration significantly reduced the odds of elevated parasite burdens upon reinfection (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.01-0.61), and improved hemoglobin levels (AOR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.22-8.05) and academic performance (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.11-7.09) in SAC. However, it did not significantly reduce the likelihood of liver fibrosis (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 0.45-14.53). Mechanistically, repeated PZQ treatment of SAC was associated with heightened arginine\/proline metabolism that translated into higher protective IgE levels (p = 0.002) and increased type-2 cytokine production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study highlights a previously underappreciated advantage of sustained PZQ treatment in SAC from schistosomiasis-endemic areas. Regular deworming with PZQ may rapidly rewire the host to foster the development of protective immune responses, mitigating the risks of heavy reinfection and its sequelae, underscoring the overlooked benefits of PZQ treatment for integrated public health strategies against schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1746003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:03:05Z","timestamp":1772002985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mass drug administration of praziquantel lowers the susceptibility of school-aged children to Schistosoma mansoni in endemic areas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Justin Komguep","family":"Nono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Marie","family":"Bitye Zambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Kameni Poumeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Bamenda","place":["Bambili, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne Borel","family":"Soh Bayeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaound\u00e9 1","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonel","family":"Meyo Kamguia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Ecole Doctorale Regionale (EDR) d\u2019Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM)","place":["Franceville, Gabon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Madeleine","family":"Noubissi Fotseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Brice","family":"Owona Ayissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaound\u00e9 1","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Spangenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research and Development of the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Ares Trading S.A. 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