{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:00:54Z","timestamp":1793109654321,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFB482,  2024AFB479, 2025AFB814, 2025AFB293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB482,  2024AFB479, 2025AFB814, 2025AFB293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presented a comprehensive characterization of the osteomyelitis immune microenvironment, identified driver genes and pathogenic cell populations underlying disease progression, and uncovered potential therapeutic targets through single-cell and bulk transcriptomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed time-series transcriptomic sequencing data from mouse osteomyelitis samples in the dataset GSE168896. Fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to reveal gene sets linked to disease progression. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted through the online tool ImmuCellAI-mouse. Furthermore, by leveraging single-cell sequencing data, we characterized immune cell subpopulations and pinpointed the key cell subtypes that were present in the osteomyelitis mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified six gene clusters exhibiting distinct temporal expression patterns and functional roles in osteomyelitis, such as leukocyte and lymphocyte activation and ossification. Single-cell sequencing analysis further showed seven distinct cellular subpopulations. Among these, macrophages demonstrated a significant increase following osteomyelitis, and the infiltration of Mif\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Cd63\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Arg1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Sdc4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and Cxcl1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ccl4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      macrophages significantly increased. Moreover, Ccl3\u2013Ccr1 and Cxcl2\u2013Cxcr2 ligand\u2013receptors contributed mostly in immune cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings tracked the transcriptional dynamics and evolving immune landscape of osteomyelitis, highlighting macrophages as central regulators of disease progression. We identified that significant infiltration of Arg1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Sdc4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Cxcl1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ccl4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and Mif\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Cd63\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      macrophages may affect osteomyelitis through the Ccl3\u2013Ccr1 and Cxcl2\u2013Cxcr2 signaling pathways. These findings offer a new perspective on immune regulation in osteomyelitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1746323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:24:27Z","timestamp":1772169867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combination of single-cell and bulk RNA-seq reveals changes in the immune landscape in osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital","place":["Wuhan, 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