{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:54:21Z","timestamp":1791874461431,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enteropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EPEC) remains a leading cause of childhood diarrhea in low-resource settings, and escalating antimicrobial resistance necessitates non-antibiotic therapeutic approaches. This study investigates\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a probiotic candidate capable of limiting A\/E-pathogen colonization and attenuating infection-associated intestinal inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The probiotic properties of\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were evaluated through assays of gastrointestinal tolerance, epithelial adhesion, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition, and pathogen exclusion. Secreted antimicrobial activity was investigated by fractionation and untargeted metabolomic profiling. Therapeutic efficacy was further assessed in an antibiotic-perturbed Citrobacter rodentium mouse infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited robust gastrointestinal resilience (acid pH 1.5-2.5; 0.3% bile) and strong adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cells.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , live\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      markedly inhibited EPEC growth, disrupted pre-formed biofilms, and displaced adherent pathogens from epithelial surfaces. In an antibiotic-perturbed\n                      <jats:italic>Citrobacter rodentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection model, oral\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      administration reduced pathogen loads in feces and colonic tissues by 3\u20134 log units, restored colon length, and alleviated epithelial ulceration and inflammatory infiltration. Mechanistic analyses revealed dual antimicrobial actions: nutrient competition and secretion of low-molecular-weight (&amp;lt;75 kDa) bactericidal factors active at ~30 \u00b5g mL\n                      <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Untargeted metabolomic profiling of the active fraction generated putative annotations of chemically diverse small molecules, including fatty-acid and hydroxy-acid class compounds, as well as candidate metabolites such as quinine hydrochloride, aloperine, and \u03b3-glutamylglutamine, thereby providing a foundation for future targeted validation of individual antimicrobial components. Notably, probiotic treatment reduced mucosal neutrophil infiltration and preserved epithelial architecture, suggesting attenuation of infection-associated inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collectively, these findings support\n                      <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a multifunctional probiotic that integrates biofilm disruption, metabolic competition, and immune-protective activity. The study highlights its translational potential as a probiotic-based intervention to manage attaching-and-effacing enteric infections and mitigate antibiotic reliance in vulnerable populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1749001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:39Z","timestamp":1783657479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multifunctional antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii against A\/E pathogens Enteropathogenic E. coli and Citrobacter rodentium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sai Madhuri","family":"Vasamsetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaswi","family":"Khaderbad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Novelina","family":"Sarmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari Naga Papa Rao","family":"Atham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Pondugala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG) Hospitals","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Ramana","family":"Chintalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Morampudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Diarrhoeal Disease\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6712818","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60831-8","article-title":"Causes of neonatal and child mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey","volume":"376","author":"Bassani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9922","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189922","article-title":"Virulence factors of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli: a review","volume":"22","author":"Pakbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4501-6","article-title":"Etiology of childhood diarrhoea among under five children and molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance in isolated enteric bacterial pathogens from a tertiary care hospital, Eastern Odisha, India","volume":"19","author":"Moharana","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1539160","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired enteric pathogens among children aged <\/= 10-years in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Okumu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. 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