{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:36:20Z","timestamp":1792794980005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease, imposing a significant burden on patients\u2019 health, the medical and economic systems. The traditional view holds that the pathogenesis of DN is mainly related to metabolic disorders caused by hyperglycemia, genetic susceptibility, and abnormal hemorheology. However, with the deep integration of immunology and nephrology research, more and more evidence indicates that immune factors play a core role in its pathogenesis. The renal immune microenvironment is a network composed of immune cells, cytokines, and matrix components, which promotes the progression of the disease through continuous inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and imbalanced homeostasis. This study systematically reviews the core mechanisms of the immune microenvironment in the occurrence and development of DN, focusing on the interaction between immune cells and innate renal cells, as well as the regulatory roles of the intestinal microbiota and immune axes. We also summarize possible diagnostic markers and treatment strategies related to immunity, aiming to provide new ideas for precision medicine of DN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:53:05Z","timestamp":1772787185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unveiling the immune microenvironment in diabetic nephropathy: from mechanisms to therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianying","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Hereditary Rare Diseases of Health Commission of Henan Province, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Hereditary Rare Diseases of Health Commission of Henan Province, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multi-omics and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Hereditary Rare Diseases of Health Commission of Henan Province, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hetao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Transplantation And Immunological Studies for Haematological Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102203","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease progression-A challenge","volume":"12","author":"Maringhini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160636","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy \u2013 is this an immune disorder","volume":"131","author":"Tesch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497449","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1497449","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy: challenges in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treat ment","volume":"2021","author":"Samsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342837","article-title":"New insights into the role of immunity and inflammation in diabetic kidney disease in the omics era","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.09.019","article-title":"Unraveling diabetic kidney disease: the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and immunometabolism","volume":"9","author":"Narongkiatikhun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8821610","article-title":"Regulatory mechanism of M1\/M2 macrophage polarization in the development of autoimmune diseases","volume":"2023","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.12980","article-title":"Mechanism of dioscin ameliorating renal fibrosis through NF\u2212\u03baB signaling pathway\u2212mediated inflammatory response","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.639103","article-title":"Interleukin-18 in inflammatory kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Hirooka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00187","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1642377","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of the gut-kidney axis: the protective role of traditional Chinese medicine in chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003230","article-title":"Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and its complications: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1049\/syb2.12061","article-title":"Identification of key immune-related genes and immune infiltration in diabetic nephropathy based on machine learning algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Syst Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes and functions: resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082806","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Calle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw260","article-title":"Macrophages in diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Klessens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8140479","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/8140479","article-title":"Cross talk between macrophages and podocytes in diabetic nephropathy: potential mechanisms and novel therapeutics","volume":"2025","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.112737","article-title":"Macrophages in focus: key drivers and therapeutic opportunities in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0234-4","article-title":"Innate immunity in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194988","article-title":"Macrophages and fibrosis: how resident and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes account for organ injury, regeneration or atrophy","volume":"14","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0110-2","article-title":"Macrophages: versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1841690","article-title":"Immune cells and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"2016","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218011","article-title":"CD4 T helper cell subsets and related human immunological disorders","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.20.185","article-title":"T helper 17 cells in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"40","author":"Basile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S457526","article-title":"The role of immune cells in DKD: mechanisms and targeted therapies","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1587806","article-title":"Immune-mediated renal injury in diabetic kidney disease: from mechanisms to therapy","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01105-x","article-title":"CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential","volume":"55","author":"Koh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539689","article-title":"Integrative analysis by mendelian randomization and large-scale single-cell transcriptomics reveals causal links between B cell subtypes and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i6.1111","article-title":"Pathological mechanism of immune disorders in diabetic kidney disease and intervention strategies","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.138","article-title":"B cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13725","article-title":"Role of the adaptive immune system in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021097","article-title":"Inflammation and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03853-y","article-title":"The advance of single cell transcriptome to study kidney immune cells in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.628289","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in diabetic kidney disease: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications","volume":"7","author":"Donate-Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017101145","article-title":"Renal dendritic cells: the long and winding road","volume":"29","author":"Kitching","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.12.002","article-title":"Dendritic cells in the regulation of immunity and inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147554","article-title":"Role of dendritic cell in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1357642","article-title":"Causal role of immune cells in diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01386-w","article-title":"The causal role between circulating immune cells and diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization with mediating insights","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndrome"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0116","article-title":"Oxidative stress in neutrophils: implications for diabetic cardiovascular complications","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152288","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase increases vascular permeability and leukocyte transmigration in cultured endothelial cells and obese mice","volume":"11","author":"Ushakumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142965","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01933-x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00786-x","article-title":"The immunoregulatory roles of non-haematopoietic cells in the kidney","volume":"20","author":"Tsokos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111210","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 promotes tubular inflammation in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.874916","article-title":"Induction of pyroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells using high glucose","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95410","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v13.i2.95410","article-title":"Unleashing the pathological role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy: The intricate connection with multifaceted mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Balakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2416441","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416441","article-title":"CNPY2 aggravates renal tubular cell ferroptosis in diabetic nephropath y by regulating PERK\/ATF4\/CHAC1 pathway and MAM integrity","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.06.004","article-title":"Partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and other new mechanisms of kidney fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Lovisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46273-0","article-title":"The proteasome modulates endocytosis specifically in glomerular cells to promote kidney filtration","volume":"15","author":"Sachs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115670","article-title":"Podocyte injury of diabetic nephropathy: Novel mechanism discovery and therapeutic prospects","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3098","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products induce the apoptosis of and inflammation in mouse podocytes through CXCL9-mediated JAK2\/STAT3 pathway activation","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210625","article-title":"Mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for diabetic nephropathy","volume":"136","author":"Barutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-023-00157-3","article-title":"New insights into the immune functions of podocytes: the role of complement","volume":"10","author":"Bruno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cell Pediatr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526285","article-title":"Inflammation in glomerular diseases","volume":"16","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14045","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14045","article-title":"The role of the mesangium in glomerular function","volume":"239","author":"Boi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2410-7","article-title":"Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt ameliorates high glucose-induced renal fibrosis and inflammation via the TGF-\u03b21\/SMADS\/AMPK\/NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2416441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01502-3","article-title":"Crosstalk among podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells and mesangial cells in diabetic kidney disease: an updated review","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signaling"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-022-00299-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of mesangial expansion in diabetic nephropathy: mesangial structure, glomerular biomechanics, and biochemical signaling and regulation","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8589","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238589","article-title":"The role of complement activation in diabetic nephropathy: current insights and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Kotsalas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1875870","article-title":"Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function in diabetic ne phropathy","volume":"2018","author":"Sifuentes-Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.816400","article-title":"Mechanistic pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020539","article-title":"The mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced renal cell injury in diabetic N ephropathy disease: an update","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01852-y","article-title":"Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent the progre ssion of early diabetic nephropathy through inhibiting inflammation an d fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.05.007","article-title":"Exploring inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms driving diabetic nephropathy progression","volume":"84","author":"Ansari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01379-7","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113798","article-title":"Pathogenic pathways and therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Rayego-Mateos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020458","article-title":"Inflammatory targets in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Donate-Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S436791","article-title":"The molecular mechanism of renal tubulointerstitial inflammation promoting diabetic nephropathy","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovascular Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/svuijm.2024.255031.1758","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in D iabetic Nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"SVU-International J Med Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2021.174","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Internal Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1465625","article-title":"IL-6 and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.75876","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in fibrotic diseases: molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy314","article-title":"Associations of urinary epidermal growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 with kidney involvement in patients with diabetic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093172","article-title":"The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00974-6","article-title":"The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention","volume":"20","author":"Cambier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00253","article-title":"Regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1084448","article-title":"T cells and their products in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.914860","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reverse Diabetic Nephropathy Disease via Lipoxi n A4 by Targeting Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2)\/smad Pathway an d Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"25","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86888-7","article-title":"Prognostic and therapeutic implications of extracellular matrix associated gene signature in renal clear cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.696542","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in diabetic renal fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S539571","article-title":"The function of the TGF\u03b2 Signaling pathway in connective tissue diseases: from biology to clinical application","volume":"18","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020472","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Garcia-Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e658","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.658","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity: signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07800-z","article-title":"Stress granules and cell death: crosstalk and potential therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071889","article-title":"Relationship between macrophages and tissue microenvironments in diabetic kidneys","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1015142","article-title":"Roles and crosstalks of macrophages in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1534823","article-title":"The role of M1\/M2 macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease and related pathologies","volume":"15","author":"Dousdampanis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.688060","article-title":"Role of macrophages and related cytokines in kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Cantero-Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185317","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: role of pol yphenols","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.958790","article-title":"Immune responses in diabetic nephropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and th erapeutic target","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02247-1","article-title":"Macrophages in organ fibrosis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1652402","article-title":"Immune regulatory mechanisms of M2 macrophage polarization and efferocytosis in diabetic kidney disease: an integrated screening study with therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07075-0","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in diabetic vascular complications: mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084350","article-title":"Targeting macrophages: therapeutic approaches in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00266.2023","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and signaling in diabetic kidney disease: a catalyst for disease progression","volume":"326","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16092","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16092","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in tissue fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303076","article-title":"Role of MCP-1 as an inflammatory biomarker in nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1602594","article-title":"Immune inflammation and metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688392","article-title":"Imbalance of T cell subsets: a core event that mediates the progression of T2DM and its complications","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06354-7","article-title":"High glucose\/ChREBP-induced Hif-1\u03b1 transcriptional activation in CD4+ T cells reduces the risk of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting the Th1 response","volume":"68","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.654912","article-title":"The th17\/IL-17 axis and kidney diseases, with focus on lupus nephritis","volume":"8","author":"Paquissi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38811-4","article-title":"Interleukin 17A promotes diabetic kidney injury","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1736472","article-title":"Immune-metabolic interactions shape the fibrotic landscape of diabetic kidney disease: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01546","article-title":"T cells and acute kidney injury: A two-way relationship","volume":"11","author":"Dellepiane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1279837","article-title":"Interactions between neutrophils and T-helper 17 cells","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1617451","article-title":"Enhancing the treatment potential of IL-17 antagonism in lupus nephritis: finding the right partner","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00462.2016","article-title":"IL-17 mediates neutrophil infiltration and renal fibrosis following recovery from ischemia reperfusion: compensatory role of natural killer cells in athymic rats","volume":"312","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2017.01.003","article-title":"The role of interleukin-17A in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases","volume":"49","author":"Cortvrindt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1492-2","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolic disease: revisiting the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes","volume":"95","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123719","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota on onset and progression of microvascular compl ications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM)","volume":"12","author":"Tanase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08503","article-title":"Fucoidan Improves Early Stage Diabetic Nephropathy via the Gut Microbi ota\u2013Mitochondria Axis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"72","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1490314","article-title":"Research progress of gut microbiome and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"11","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1389654","article-title":"Thonningianin A ameliorated renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic ne phropathy mice by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and repressing i nflammation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2023.2174145","article-title":"Sanziguben polysaccharides improve diabetic nephropathy in mice by reg ulating gut microbiota to inhibit the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signalling path way","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019101029","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy through Short-Chai n Fatty Acid\u2013Mediated Activation of G Protein\u2013Coupled Receptors GPR43 and GPR109A","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1080456","article-title":"The role and mechanism of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.636175","article-title":"Roles of gut microbial metabolites in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1359432","article-title":"Gut microbiota microbial metabolites in diabetic nephropathy patients: far to go","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1207132","article-title":"The roles of gut microbiota and its metabolites in diabetic nephropath y","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1231621","article-title":"The pathogenic role of intestinal flora metabolites in diabetic nephro pathy","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07248-3","article-title":"Protein-bound uremic toxin clearance as biomarker of kidney tubular function in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908706116","article-title":"The single-cell transcriptomic landscape of early human diabetic nephr opathy","volume":"116","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.798316","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing profiles identify important pathophysiologic factors in the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1332279","article-title":"Identification and validation of immune and cuproptosis - related gene s for diabetic nephropathy by WGCNA and machine learning","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19937\/j.issn.1671-4199","article-title":"Serum IL-17A and TPOAb levels changes and their clinical significance in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"24","author":"Yujiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Sanit Eng"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1581691","article-title":"Identification of potential biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy via UPLC-MS\/MS-based metabolomics","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1542100","article-title":"Functional metabolomics: unlocking the role of small molecular metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01996-3","article-title":"Renal macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasomes in kidney diseases and therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Islamuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35613","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035613","article-title":"Role of MCP-1\/CCR2 axis in renal fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic targeting","volume":"102","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13983","article-title":"Exploring macrophage cell therapy on Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"23","author":"Guiteras","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0700","article-title":"Macrophage SHP2 Deficiency Alleviates Diabetic Nephropathy via Suppres sion of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB\u2013 Dependent Inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15449","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immunoglobulin E: A new therapeutic link for autoimmunity","volume":"77","author":"Palomares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130651","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130651","article-title":"Immune cell landscaping reveals a protective role for regulatory T cells during kidney injury and fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"do Valle Duraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.618536","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulators of immune and inflammatory responses: potentia l therapeutic targets in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020956","article-title":"Antiinflammatory actions of klotho: implications for therapy of diabet ic nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Typiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29224","article-title":"miR-218 regulates diabetic nephropathy via targeting IKK-\u03b2 and modulating NK-\u03baB-mediated inflammation","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01249","article-title":"Resveratrol modulates the gut microbiota and inflammation to protect A gainst diabetic nephropathy in mice","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-437X.2022.17.029","article-title":"Effects of calcium dobesilate combined with kagiejing and valsartan on the immune microenvironment of patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Henan Med Res"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0209","article-title":"Renoprotective mechanism of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: focusing on renal hemodynamics","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071661","article-title":"Nephroprotective effects of semaglutide as mono- and combination treatment with lisinopril in a mouse model of hypertension-accelerated diabetic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Dalb\u00f8ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2409781","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202409781","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists alleviate diabetic kidney injury via \u03b2-klotho-mediated ferroptosis inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06031-1","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation: targeting systemic impact with non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists","volume":"67","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528","article-title":"The effects of angelica sinensis polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy rats via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"3","author":"Yongsheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Tradit Patent Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S319260","article-title":"Baicalin Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Neph ropathy via Nrf2 and MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Design Dev Ther"},{"key":"B145","article-title":"Based on the signal pathway of TLR4\/NF- \u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome, on the improvement of pyroptosis in mice with diabetic nephropathy","author":"Ma Xinrui","year":"2025"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-7860.2025.17.013","article-title":"A review on the prevention and treatment of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy in traditional Chinese medicine","author":"Xiangsheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Res"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1520439","article-title":"Exploring the glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory immune mechanism of artemether by AMPK\/mTOR pathway and microbiome based on multi-omics","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123820","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the renoprotective effects of artesunate in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"378","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1084531","article-title":"Identification and validation of immune and oxidative stress-related d iagnostic markers for diabetic nephropathy by WGCNA and machine learni ng","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750484\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:47:12Z","timestamp":1773305232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750484\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"1750484"}}