{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:06:16Z","timestamp":1793484376888,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81960232, 82460271, 82001282, 82200565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81960232, 82460271, 82001282, 82200565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AAC03676, 2025AAC050066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AAC03676, 2025AAC050066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) can assemble with other extracellular matrix proteins to form deoxycholate-insoluble aggregates in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, impairing oligodendrocyte (OLG) maturation and remyelination. However, soluble HSP70 supports myelination. HSP70 may also promote bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) toward classically and alternatively activated phenotypes, which may regulate OLG maturation. Given the roles of HSP70 in OLG maturation and in shaping microglial\/BMDM phenotypes in MS lesions, we investigated how HSP70 in microglia\/macrophages regulates OLG maturation in a toxin-induced demyelination model. Our results suggest that rrHSP70 may maintain HSP70 expression in microglia and BMDMs\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomic, post-translational modification, and phagocytosis analyses showed that rrHSP70 may induce Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis in microglia and BMDMs, enabling rrHSP70 engulfment and enhancing heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1) phosphorylation. Blocking or inhibiting CD45 activity reduced rrHSP70 phagocytosis and HSF-1 phosphorylation in microglia. These findings suggest that rrHSP70 may induce Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis in microglia and BMDMs, leading these cells to phagocytose rrHSP70 and enhance HSF-1 phosphorylation, thereby maintaining HSP70 expression\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, HSP70 levels increased during early demyelination in the animal model, suggesting that HSP70 may induce microglial\/macrophage phagocytosis to remove factors that inhibit remyelination, thereby facilitating later remyelination. rrHSP70 likely promoted OLG maturation both\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as remyelination, possibly by enhancing myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and facilitating phosphorylated MBP redistribution. Overall, context-dependent HSP70 upregulation may be crucial for enhancing remyelination in MS lesions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1750555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1784817631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recombinant rat heat shock protein 70 (rrHSP70) may promote remyelination by regulating microglia\/macrophages and oligodendrocytes in a toxin-induced demyelination animal model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, 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