{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1773916782217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020581","name":"Fondazione AIRC per la ricerca sul cancro ETS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e1 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A spectrum of adverse events overlapping with Post-acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) occurs in some patients following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination including small fiber neuropathy (SFN) and cognitive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accruing information regarding disease course and immune response imbalances in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 71 previously healthy patients with neurological symptoms following SARS-CoV-vaccination. All had negative neurological workup for central\/peripheral involvement (MR, EMG\/EN). Cutaneous biopsy (21pts.) and peripheral blood sampling (20pts) were performed for anti-idiotype Ab analysis (ACE-2,NRP-1) (ELISA, IF) and for Flowcytometric analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paresthesia, cognitive impairment and autonomic symptoms agreed with SFN international definition. Comparative differences included abrupt onset, presence of simultaneous diverse paresthesia across multiple body regions frequently affecting the facial and cervical regions (44%) and the trunk (26%), associated to dysautonomia. Median time from vaccination to symptom manifestation was 3 days (mean \u00b1 SD: 8.76 \u00b1 17.4 days). Symptom severity was still high (5.9 \u00b1 1.9 mean+SD) at the time of evaluation and sampling, (382 \u00b1 133 days from onset. Reduced small fiber density was observed in 19\/21 biopsies. Anti-ACE-2 antibodies in 9\/71pts. (12%) and 4\/19 (21%) vaccinated HD sera and NRP-1 reactivity in 14\/71 (20%) patient and 1\/19 (5%) HD sera were not significantly increased. Peripheral NKG2D+CD8+ and NKG2D+DNAM-1+CD4+ T-cells were increased. Circulating inflammatory CD34+ cells were increased and generated\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      a prevalence of NKG2D+DNAM-1+ T-cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PASC-vac SFN is associated with persistent immune imbalances common to other immune-mediated diseases. Additional effort to identify immune mechanisms unleashing PASC-vac SFN will contribute to modulate future early interventions for these patients and refine vaccine design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1752120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:23:14Z","timestamp":1773897794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune correlates underlying small fiber neuropathy presenting as vaccine-associated post-acute SARS- coronavirus syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Limongelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Department of Health Sciences","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bozzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Hajabbas Farshchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Department of Health Sciences","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Bellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bavastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Department of Health Sciences","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giampaola","family":"Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Incensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Giannoccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Uccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","place":["Genova, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genny","family":"Del Zotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Moretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Donadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"De Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Department of Health Sciences","place":["Genoa, Italy"]},{"name":"S.C. 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