{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:56:52Z","timestamp":1790287012916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe complication of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis, in which gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a pivotal role. This study aimed to characterize microbial alterations, establish a microbiota-derived index (SBP-MI), evaluate longitudinal changes, and develop an SBP risk prediction model (SBP-RP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 135 participants were included: healthy controls (n=40), compensated cirrhosis (n=30), cirrhosis with ascites but without SBP (n=40), and SBP (n=25). Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing and clinical data were obtained. An additional 140 cirrhotic patients with ascites were prospectively followed for 6 months, with SBP occurrence as the endpoint; 40 provided paired fecal samples. SBP-MI was constructed from key microbial shifts, and multivariable Firth logistic regression identified independent predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SBP was characterized by enrichment of pathogenic taxa (\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia\u2013Shigella, Klebsiella, Veillonella, Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and depletion of short-chain fatty acid producers (\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), forming the basis of SBP-MI. During follow-up, improved patients had greater microbial diversity and beneficial commensals, whereas progression was linked to\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      expansion. SBP-MI effectively tracked these changes and outperformed the Hepatitis B Cirrhosis Dysbiosis Index. Multivariable analysis identified INR, previous history of SBP, and SBP-MI as independent predictors. The SBP-RP yielded an AUC of 0.91(95% CI: 0.82\u20130.99), with calibration that appeared acceptable in this cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct dysbiosis characterizes SBP. SBP-MI captures microbial imbalance and progression, while the SBP-RP model integrating microbial and clinical factors provides promising predictive value for early risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1753063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T05:19:15Z","timestamp":1771219155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From dysbiosis to prediction: a novel gut microbiota\u2013derived index for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in HBV-related cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhewen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Liver Diseases Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Center For Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Liver Diseases Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Center For Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Liver Diseases Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Center For Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichun","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Liver Diseases Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Center For Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, 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