{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:05:57Z","timestamp":1793736357924,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrosis is a pathological process of wound healing, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and chronic activation of fibroblasts, leading to organ scarring and a decline in function. Fibrogenesis is predominantly initiated by tissue injury and sustained inflammation, further driven by the complex interplay of growth factors, cytokines, metabolic alterations, and epigenetic reprogramming. Activated myofibroblasts and immune cells function as primary profibrotic mediators. The central molecular pathways implicated include TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD signaling, non-canonical cascades such as RAS-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and integrin-mediated mechanotransduction. These pathways collectively contribute to matrix disruption by upregulating \u03b1-SMA, collagen, lysyl oxidase, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Alterations in noncoding RNAs and histone\/DNA modifications stabilize genes responsible for pro-fibrotic pathways, whereas metabolic reprogramming sustains myofibblast activity. These mechanisms contribute to fibrosis in several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease, and Crohn\u2019s disease. In these conditions, persistent immune activation drives continuous crosstalk between immune cells and stromal fibroblasts, sustaining cytokine signaling and ECM remodeling. Current therapeutic approaches primarily aim to halt disease progression; however, achieving true reversal remains challenging. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with fibrotic diseases underscore the need for clinically validated biomarkers to guide effective combined therapeutic regimens capable of reversing established scarring. In this review, we explored emerging strategies that emphasize the integration of immune modulation, epigenetic reprogramming, and mechanobiological interventions to inhibit myofibroblast proliferation and facilitate matrix degradation and tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:04:35Z","timestamp":1775801075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An intricate relationship between fibrosis and autoimmune diseases: a specific focus on unraveling its molecular, immunological, and epigenetic drivers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Manoviraj Gajendra","family":"Morey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)","place":["Vellore, Tamil N\u0101du, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gouri H.","family":"Illanad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)","place":["Vellore, Tamil N\u0101du, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahaboobkhan","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)","place":["Vellore, Tamil N\u0101du, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101191","article-title":"Mechanisms of organ fibrosis: Emerging concepts and implications for novel treatment strategies","volume":"92","author":"Lurje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186636","article-title":"Fibrosis in immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders","volume":"14","author":"\u017burawek","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2807","article-title":"Mechanisms of fibrosis: Therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease","volume":"18","author":"Wynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00033.2018","article-title":"Mechanisms for the resolution of organ fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Horowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2277","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis","volume":"214","author":"Wynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110203","article-title":"Cellular crosstalk in fibrosis: Insights into macrophage and fibroblast dynamics","volume":"301","author":"Froom","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.07.006","article-title":"Wound healing, fibroblast heterogeneity, and fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Talbott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01070-3","article-title":"Targeting fibrosis, mechanisms and clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122462","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\u2013induced epigenetic deregulation of SOCS3 facilitates STAT3 signaling to promote fibrosis","volume":"130","author":"Dees","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.6.3720","article-title":"Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor \u03b2 1","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12952","article-title":"Myofibroblast fate plasticity in tissue repair and fibrosis: Deactivation, apoptosis, senescence and reprogramming","volume":"29","author":"Merkt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regener"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2268-0","article-title":"Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing","volume":"73","author":"Land\u00e9n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03343-4","article-title":"Targeting pathogenic fibroblast-like synoviocyte subsets in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41231-024-00180-0","article-title":"Fibrotic remodeling in joint diseases: Induction and inhibition of fibrosis in fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"9","author":"Madsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Med Commun"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Minor salivary gland fibrosis in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is elevated, associated with focus score and not solely a consequence of aging","volume":"36","author":"Leehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1421436","article-title":"Immune and non-immune mediators in the fibrosis pathogenesis of salivary gland in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.149","article-title":"Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: Shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.53","article-title":"Fibrosis - A lethal component of systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12852","article-title":"The fate of myofibroblasts during the development of fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RI0120-645R","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of neutrophil exocytosis","volume":"107","author":"Catz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127011","article-title":"A neutrophil elastase inhibitor prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"40","author":"Takemasa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240139","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0139-2024","article-title":"Neutrophil dynamics in pulmonary fibrosis: Pathophysiological and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Crowley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.11.007","article-title":"Fibroblasts promote inflammation and pain via IL-1\u03b1 induction of the monocyte chemoattractant chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2","volume":"188","author":"Paish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000349","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: From molecular mechanisms to physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology","volume":"74","author":"de Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02247-1","article-title":"Macrophages in organ fibrosis: From pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwaf020","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophage production of chemokines to facilitate CD8+ T cell infiltration in obstruction-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.945063","article-title":"Conventional and pathogenic Th2 cells in inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Kokubo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI741","article-title":"Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma","volume":"101","author":"Doucet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0009OC","article-title":"Interaction of IL-13 and C10 in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Belperio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1471-1479.2006","article-title":"Interleukin-5 (IL-5) augments the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating IL-13 activity","volume":"74","author":"Reiman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149509050842","article-title":"MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIFIBROTIC EFFECT OF INTERFERON GAMMA IN BLEOMYCIN-MOUSE MODEL OF LUNG FIBROSIS: Downregulation of TGF-P and Procollagen I and 111 Gene Expression For personal use only","volume":"21","author":"Gurujeyalakshmi","year":"1995"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1171-2","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 enhances the antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone by attenuating IPF lung fibroblast activation and differentiation","volume":"20","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0198OC","article-title":"Regulatory T cells reduce acute lung injury fibroproliferation by decreasing fibrocyte recruitment","volume":"48","author":"Garibaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00080","article-title":"CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory Tregs inhibit fibrocyte recruitment and fibrosis via suppression of FGF-9 production in the TGF-\u00ce21 exposed murine lung","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00162.x","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 isoforms in renal fibrogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421807","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor \u03b2 in human disease","volume":"342","author":"Blobe","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.112","article-title":"Immunoregulation by members of the TGF\u03b2 superfamily","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022269","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 family signaling in connective tissue and skeletal diseases","volume":"9","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12050635","article-title":"The synergistic cooperation between TGF-\u03b2 and hypoxia in cancer and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Mallikarjuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621","article-title":"Overview of the IL\u20101 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity","volume":"281","author":"Dinarello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.03.004","article-title":"Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: Their functions and regulations","author":"Itoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.05.005","article-title":"Latent TGF-\u03b2-binding proteins","volume":"47","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00229","article-title":"Making sense of latent TGF\u03b2 activation","volume":"116","author":"Annes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.163","article-title":"Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates TGF-\u03b2 and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81235-0","article-title":"Localization of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with integrin \u03b1v\u03b23","volume":"85","author":"Brooks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.328","article-title":"Non-Smad pathways in TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00432-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of TGF-\u03b2 signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus","volume":"113","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601818","article-title":"TGF-beta activates Erk MAP kinase signaling through direct phosphorylation of ShcA","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health, disease and therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005912200","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase function is required for transforming growth factor \u03b2-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration","volume":"275","author":"Bakin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200611146","article-title":"Cell size and invasion in TGF-\u03b2\u2013induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition is regulated by activation of the mTOR pathway","volume":"178","author":"Lamouille","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and mechano: Regulation of connective tissue remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Tomasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.2021","article-title":"TGF-\/3 induced transdifferentiation of mammary epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells: involvement of type I receptors","volume":"127","author":"Miettinen","year":""},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.4869","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 promotes the morphological and functional differentiation of the myofibroblast","volume":"257","author":"Vaughan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1999.4543","article-title":"Mechanisms of myofibroblast activity and phenotypic modulation","volume":"250","author":"Serini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.9.2730","article-title":"Alpha-smooth muscle actin expression upregulates fibroblast contractile activity","volume":"12","author":"Hinz","year":"2001"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1488","article-title":"IL-6 programs TH-17 cell differentiation by promoting sequential engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 pathways","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.049","article-title":"Interleukin-17 signaling in inflammatory, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells exacerbates liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"143","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.657","article-title":"Th17-polarized immune response in a murine model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and lung fibrosis","volume":"182","author":"Simonian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1391","article-title":"Signals mediated by transforming growth factor-\u03b2 initiate autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but chronic inflammation is needed to sustain disease","volume":"7","author":"Veldhoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070663","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells","volume":"204","author":"Annunziato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.08.003","article-title":"B cell activating factor is central to bleomycin- and IL-17-mediated experimental pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.004","article-title":"B lymphocytes directly contribute to tissue fibrosis in patients with IgG4-related disease","volume":"145","author":"Della-Torre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16495","article-title":"Cytokine\u2010producing B\u2010cell balance associates with skin fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Horii","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01354","article-title":"Interleukin-4 receptor alpha: From innate to adaptive immunity in murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Hurdayal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-005-7827-3","article-title":"Molecular aspects of regulation of collagen gene expression in fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Bhogal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052662","article-title":"How macrophages become transcriptionally dysregulated: A hidden impact of antitumor therapy","volume":"22","author":"Medvedeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00506-6","article-title":"Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00260.2018","article-title":"Macrophage-secreted TGF-\u03b2 1 contributes to fibroblast activation and ureteral stricture after ablation injury","volume":"317","author":"Ueshima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13069-015-0035-8","article-title":"Epigenetics and the overhealing wound: the role of DNA methylation in fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Neary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.07.151","article-title":"DNA methylation and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/O08-115","article-title":"Recent advances in MeCP2 structure and function. This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 29th Annual International Asilomar Chromatin and Chromosomes Conference, and has undergone the Journal\u2019s usual peer review process","volume":"87","author":"Hite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.10.002","article-title":"MeCP2 controls an epigenetic pathway that promotes myofibroblast transdifferentiation and fibrosis","volume":"138","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.10.011","article-title":"MeCP2 controls the expression of RASAL1 in the hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"290","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2540","article-title":"Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms","volume":"10","author":"Cedar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2135","article-title":"Methylation determines fibroblast activation and fibrogenesis in the kidney","volume":"16","author":"Bechtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.076","article-title":"MeCP2 regulation of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis by down-regulation of DUSP5","volume":"82","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv015","article-title":"Epigenetic balance of aberrant Rasal1 promoter methylation and hydroxymethylation regulates cardiac fibrosis","volume":"105","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05631-11","article-title":"A peek into the complex realm of histone phosphorylation","volume":"31","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.10.001","article-title":"Epigenetics in fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23334","article-title":"Chronic administration of valproic acid inhibits activation of mouse hepatic stellate cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"51","author":"Mannaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.025","article-title":"The NF-\u03baB p50:p50:HDAC-1 repressor complex orchestrates transcriptional inhibition of multiple pro-inflammatory genes","volume":"53","author":"Elsharkawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100011","article-title":"Epigenetic repression of matrix metalloproteinases in myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells through histone deacetylases 4","volume":"177","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23765","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition suppresses the transforming growth factor \u03b21-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes\u2020,\u2021","volume":"52","author":"Kaimori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.10.001","article-title":"Advances in the epigenetics of fibroblast biology and fibrotic diseases","volume":"49","author":"Ulukan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901206010130","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Vettori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol J"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2011.00714.x","article-title":"MicroRNA\u201018 and microRNA\u201019 regulate CTGF and TSP\u20101 expression in age\u2010related heart failure","volume":"10","author":"van Almen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.182535","article-title":"miR-133 and miR-30 regulate connective tissue growth factor","volume":"104","author":"Duisters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07511","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signaling in fibroblasts","volume":"456","author":"Thum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.06.022","article-title":"DNMT1-mediated PTEN hypermethylation confers hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrogenesis in rats","volume":"264","author":"Bian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30078","article-title":"DNMT1 deregulation of SOCS3 axis drives cardiac fibroblast activation in diabetic cardiac fibrosis","volume":"236","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.06.006","article-title":"DNMT3A silencing RASSF1A promotes cardiac fibrosis through upregulation of ERK1\/2","volume":"323","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.03.002","article-title":"TGF\u03b2-incurred epigenetic aberrations of miRNA and DNA methyltransferase suppress Klotho and potentiate renal fibrosis","volume":"1864","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.32710","article-title":"Methylation of RCAN1.4 mediated by DNMT1 and DNMT3b enhances hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrogenesis through Calcineurin\/NFAT3 signaling","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06713-3","article-title":"DNMT3B aggravated renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease via activating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054001","article-title":"Blocking the class I histone deacetylase ameliorates renal fibrosis and inhibits renal fibroblast activation via modulating TGF-beta and EGFR signaling","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.07.003","article-title":"Role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in progression and reversal of liver fibrosis","volume":"306","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155842","article-title":"HDAC3 promotes pulmonary fibrosis by activating NOTCH1 and STAT1 signaling and up-regulating inflammasome components AIM2 and ASC","volume":"153","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.58","article-title":"MicroRNA-17-5p activates hepatic stellate cells through targeting of Smad7","volume":"95","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0892","article-title":"miR-200a prevents renal fibrogenesis through repression of TGF-\u03b22 expression","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00220.2009","article-title":"Liver fibrosis causes downregulation of miRNA-150 and miRNA-194 in hepatic stellate cells, and their overexpression causes decreased stellate cell activation","volume":"298","author":"Venugopal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611192104","article-title":"MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-\u03b2-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors","volume":"104","author":"Kato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq718","article-title":"MicroRNA-target pairs in human renal epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor \u03b21: a novel role of miR-382","volume":"38","author":"Kriegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-4-8","article-title":"Systems biology of interstitial lung diseases: integration of mRNA and microRNA expression changes","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1736","article-title":"E-Cadherin expression is regulated by miR-192\/215 by a mechanism that is independent of the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-\u03b2","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.113","article-title":"Difference in expression of hepatic microRNAs miR-29c, miR-34a, miR-155, and miR-200b is associated with strain-specific susceptibility to dietary nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"90","author":"Pogribny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12660","article-title":"Micro RNA \u2010155 attenuates activation of hepatic stellate cell by simultaneously preventing EMT process and ERK 1 signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003291","article-title":"miR-199a-5p is upregulated during fibrogenic response to tissue injury and mediates TGFbeta-induced lung fibroblast activation by targeting Caveolin-1","volume":"9","author":"Lino Cardenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108880","article-title":"Downregulated miR-129-5p expression inhibits rat pulmonary fibrosis by upregulating STAT1 gene expression in macrophages","volume":"109","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.11.022","article-title":"miR-133a mediates TGF-\u03b2-dependent derepression of collagen synthesis in hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis","volume":"58","author":"Roderburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1370107","article-title":"Biology of neurofibrosis with focus on multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Lozinski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab059","article-title":"The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and remyelination in multiple sclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1254586","article-title":"Astrogliosis in multiple sclerosis and neuro-inflammation: what role for the notch pathway","volume":"14","author":"Mora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9553-1","article-title":"IL-17A induces MIP-1\u03b1 expression in primary astrocytes via Src\/MAPK\/PI3K\/NF-kB pathways: implications for multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.02.003","article-title":"Early P2X7R-related astrogliosis in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"74","author":"Grygorowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-33","article-title":"P2x7 deficiency suppresses development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"5","author":"Sharp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07046.2001","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 promotes repair of the CNS","volume":"21","author":"Mason","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1032","article-title":"The role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in tissue fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Steen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115778","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 2 in the hotbed of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis","volume":"168","author":"Illanad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413284200","article-title":"Interleukin-6 regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 receptor compartmentalization and turnover enhances TGF-\u03b21 signaling","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S530754","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: focus on the JAK\/STAT pathway and macrophage polarization","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1538","article-title":"Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling","volume":"13","author":"Diarra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12339","article-title":"IL \u201017 stimulates the production of the inflammatory chemokines IL \u20106 and IL \u20108 in human dental pulp fibroblasts","volume":"48","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4179","article-title":"IL-17-mediated Bcl-2 expression regulates survival of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis through STAT3 activation","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac385","article-title":"IL-17A and TNF synergistically drive expression of proinflammatory mediators in synovial fibroblasts via I\u03baB\u03b6-dependent induction of ELF3","volume":"62","author":"Kouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122115","article-title":"Unleashing the pathological imprinting of cancer in autoimmunity: is ZEB1 the answer","volume":"332","author":"Rithvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802111","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02111-2018","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-13 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from promising path to dead end","volume":"52","author":"Wijsenbeek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5909","article-title":"Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8821610","article-title":"Regulatory mechanism of M1\/M2 macrophage polarization in the development of autoimmune diseases","volume":"2023","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S530754","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: focus on the JAK\/STAT pathway and macrophage polarization","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2022.2089116","article-title":"Pulmonary fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies","volume":"16","author":"Diesler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-24-882","article-title":"Experimental study of the effects of pirfenidone and nintedanib on joint inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in a rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease mouse model","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-023-00325-z","article-title":"Baricitinib improves pulmonary fibrosis in mice with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease by inhibiting the Jak2\/Stat3 signaling pathway","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220856","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"79","author":"Leavy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5413","article-title":"SPP1 promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages through the Jak2\/Stat3 signaling pathway and accelerates the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1149665","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease combined with rheumatoid arthritis exacerbates liver fibrosis by stimulating co-localization of PTRF and TLR4 in rats","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.049","article-title":"Senescence of activated stellate cells limits liver fibrosis","volume":"134","author":"Krizhanovsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00728-6","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"22","author":"Negrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02583.x","article-title":"Expression of interleukin\u201022 in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: significant correlation with disease parameters","volume":"74","author":"Lavoie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13337","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and -22 synergy linking inflammation and EMT-dependent fibrosis in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"198","author":"Sisto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1277","article-title":"IL\u201017 drives salivary gland dysfunction via inhibiting TRPC1\u2010mediated calcium movement in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112997","article-title":"Interleukin-22 exerts detrimental effects on salivary gland integrity and function","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gdata.2015.11.014","article-title":"IL-22 regulation of functional gene expression in salivary gland cells","volume":"7","author":"Lavoie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom Data"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.08.012","article-title":"Contribution of IL-13 to early exocrinopathy in Id3-\/- mice","volume":"49","author":"Mahlios","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35110-9","article-title":"Effects of pirfenidone on transforming growth factor-\u03b2 gene expression at the transcriptional level in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis","volume":"291","author":"Iyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-014-0157-3","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of nintedanib in lung fibroblasts derived from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Hostettler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.033","article-title":"Bardoxolone ameliorates TGF-\u03b21-associated renal fibrosis through Nrf2\/Smad7 elevation","volume":"138","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13945","article-title":"Evaluating the antifibrotic potency of galunisertib in a human ex vivo model of liver fibrosis","volume":"174","author":"Luangmonkong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1463429","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil: an update on its mechanism of action and effect on lymphoid tissue","volume":"15","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1351::AID-ART227>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma","volume":"44","author":"Pope","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01379-7","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02583-3","article-title":"Monoclonal enolase-1 blocking antibody ameliorates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117737","article-title":"An anti-RAGE chimeric antibody alleviates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via RAGE\/NF-kB pathway in mice","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16060","article-title":"Fluorofenidone alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell autophagy via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad pathway: implications for liver cancer","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15596","article-title":"Setanaxib, a first\u2010in\u2010class selective NADPH oxidase 1\/4 inhibitor for primary biliary cholangitis: a randomized, placebo\u2010controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"43","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.296","article-title":"Effects of Belapectin, an inhibitor of Galectin-3, in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"158","author":"Chalasani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1160","article-title":"Prolonged cenicriviroc therapy reduces hepatic fibrosis despite steatohepatitis in a diet\u2010induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Kruger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01350-4","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 as a novel therapeutic target for gland fibrosis of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109152","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation alleviates Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome symptoms by modulating Tim-3 expression","volume":"111","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab051","article-title":"Mast cells can produce transforming growth factor \u03b21 and promote tissue fibrosis during the development of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome-related sialadenitis","volume":"32","author":"Kaieda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06620-1","article-title":"Saliva-derived extracellular vesicles: a promising therapeutic approach for salivary gland fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-025-00436-9","article-title":"Correction: Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the salivary glands of patients with primary and associated Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease, and non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s sicca syndrome: a comparative analysis and the influence of chloroquine","volume":"65","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105237","article-title":"Fibrosing interstitial lung disease in primary Sjogren syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Manfredi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf211","article-title":"Establishment of a mouse model of Sj\u00f6gren syndrome\u2013related interstitial lung disease","volume":"214","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12990","article-title":"Mechanism of fibrosis and stricture formation in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Alfredsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835005","article-title":"Intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and the prospects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221104951","article-title":"Intestinal strictures in Crohn\u2019s disease: a 2021 update","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030429","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Santacroce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i28.3635","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Speca","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110226","article-title":"Osteopontin regulation of MerTK+ macrophages promotes Crohn\u2019s disease intestinal fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-6-13","article-title":"The role of interleukin 17 in Crohn\u2019s disease-associated intestinal fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Biancheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5234-x","article-title":"IL-17A promotes initiation and development of intestinal fibrosis through EMT","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06413-6","article-title":"Treg and intestinal myofibroblasts-derived amphiregulin induced by TGF-\u03b2 mediates intestinal fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.008","article-title":"Inflammatory monocyte-derived amphiregulin mediates intestinal fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease by activating PI3K\/AKT","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03112-6","article-title":"Fortilin interacts with TGF-\u03b21 and prevents TGF-\u03b2 receptor activation","volume":"5","author":"Pinkaew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107245","article-title":"The current landscape of antifibrotic therapy across different organs: a systematic approach","volume":"205","author":"Fuster-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060205","article-title":"B-lymphocyte depletion reduces skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse model for systemic sclerosis","volume":"169","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00105","article-title":"Oxidative stress and renal fibrosis: recent insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70077","article-title":"Reproducible lung protective effects of a TGF\u03b2R1\/ALK5 inhibitor in a bleomycin\u2010induced and spirometry\u2010confirmed model of IPF in male mice","volume":"12","author":"Petersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158156","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of the dual CCR2\/CCR5 antagonist cenicriviroc in animal models of liver and kidney fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504032","article-title":"Macrophage derived Galectin\u20103 promotes renal fibrosis and diabetic kidney disease by enhancing TGF\u03b21 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4359","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote differentiation and function of fibroblasts","volume":"233","author":"Chrysanthopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06466-3","article-title":"Mechanical stiffness promotes skin fibrosis via Piezo1-Wnt2\/Wnt11-CCL24 positive feedback loop","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204825","article-title":"Human senescent fibroblasts trigger progressive lung fibrosis in mice","volume":"15","author":"Hernandez-Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754620\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:04:37Z","timestamp":1775801077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754620\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"article-number":"1754620"}}