{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:00:09Z","timestamp":1772517609631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sepsis remains a leading cause of in-hospital mortality worldwide. In recognition of its substantial morbidity and mortality even with optimal treatment, the World Health Organization has declared sepsis a global health priority. The immunoregulatory mechanisms in sepsis are highly complex, and the immune status during the disease course is closely associated with both short- and long-term patient outcomes, making early recognition and intervention critical for survival. While single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely applied to decipher innate immune responses in sepsis patients, in-depth characterization of T lymphocyte subsets remains relatively limited. Urosepsis is a common complication of urinary tract stones. Although clinical studies have identified several risk factors for urosepsis, the immunological alterations in high-risk individuals are poorly understood. Here, we employed single-cell transcriptomics to investigate T-cell immunological changes in high-risk urosepsis patients and septic patients, complemented by single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing (scTCR-seq) to profile the peripheral TCR repertoire in these two pathological states. Our analysis revealed that, compared to non-high-risk controls, septic patients exhibited features of T cell exhaustion across multiple subsets, whereas high-risk individuals showed signs of enhanced T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Notably, we identified a distinct CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell subset (C10_Tn_IFN) and, through protein-protein interaction analysis, uncovered key protein targets (\n                    <jats:italic>IFIT3, RSAD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) potentially regulating its interferon signaling pathway. Furthermore, we observed significantly reduced TCR diversity accompanied by altered CDR3 sequence characteristics and VJ gene usage frequencies in several CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell subsets from sepsis patients. These findings provide important insights into the relationship between T cell functionality and the severity of infectious inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:22:50Z","timestamp":1772515370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct landscapes of T-cell immunity and TCR repertoire between sepsis and pre-septic high-risk states"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yina","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixiong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuedan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2025.100148","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics and management of sepsis among previously healthy patients","volume":"3","author":"Hechtman","year":"2025","journal-title":"CHEST Crit Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2025.2484285","article-title":"Analysis of bacterial spectrum and construction of a predictive model for postoperative sepsis in patients with upper urinary calculi and positive urinary cultures","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03263-0","article-title":"Hyperthermia is a predictor of high mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0199-3","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive enrichment in sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Stanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1393734","article-title":"Influence of preoperative urine culture and bacterial species on urogenital sepsis after ureteral flexible lithotripsy in patients with upper urinary tract stones","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002934","article-title":"Clinical management implications from 33,579 urinary stones: novel patterns in composition, comorbidities, seasonal variation, and machine learning-based urosepsis prediction","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91787-2","article-title":"Risk factors and an optimized prediction model for urosepsis in diabetic patients with upper urinary tract stones","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000896","article-title":"Machine learning for the prediction of urosepsis using electronic health record data","volume":"4","author":"Sarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Digit Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.012","article-title":"The immunology of sepsis","volume":"54","author":"van der Poll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101829","article-title":"Sepsis pathogenesis and outcome are shaped by the balance between the transcriptional states of systemic inflammation and antimicrobial response","volume":"5","author":"Brandes-Leibovitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae107","article-title":"Factors affecting neutrophil functions during sepsis: human microbiome and epigenetics","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.627435","article-title":"Recurrent sepsis exacerbates CD4(+) T cell exhaustion and decreases antiviral immune responses","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01364","article-title":"CD4 T cell responses and the sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.25.14541","article-title":"Prevention of lymphocyte cell death in sepsis improves survival in mice","volume":"96","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","article-title":"Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony","volume":"16","author":"Korsunsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01045-4","article-title":"CellChat for systematic analysis of cell-cell communication from single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.5ma0721-825r","article-title":"Dynamic changes in human single-cell transcriptional signatures during fatal sepsis","volume":"110","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.696536","article-title":"A novel single cell RNA-seq analysis of non-myeloid circulating cells in late sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Darden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.149121","article-title":"Comparative analysis of peripheral blood immunoinflammatory landscapes in patients with acute cholangitis and its secondary septic shock using single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"683","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22139.2","article-title":"scRepertoire: An R-based toolkit for single-cell immune receptor analysis","volume":"9","author":"Borcherding","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"immunomind\/immunarch: Immunarch. 0.9.0 version","year":"2022"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-023-01825-w","article-title":"The clinical trajectory of peripheral blood immune cell subsets, T-cell activation, and cytokines in septic patients","volume":"73","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04689-y","article-title":"Whole blood transcriptomics identifies subclasses of pediatric septic shock","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6952","article-title":"Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans","volume":"166","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2015-1","article-title":"Pathological alteration and therapeutic implications of sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1058606","article-title":"T cell activation profiles can distinguish gram negative\/positive bacterial sepsis and are associated with ICU discharge","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.12.003","article-title":"Immune-cell signatures of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome after sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230547","article-title":"TB granuloma: CD30 co-stimulation for CD4+ T cell co-operation","volume":"220","author":"Gress","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62530-2","article-title":"B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is dispensable for the survival of long-lived plasma cells","volume":"16","author":"Menzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663433","article-title":"Editorial: The role of TGF-beta superfamily members in immune homeostasis and disease","volume":"16","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.041","article-title":"RNA-Seq signatures normalized by mRNA abundance allow absolute deconvolution of human immune cell types","volume":"26","author":"Monaco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.12.014","article-title":"Single-cell atlas of healthy human blood unveils age-related loss of NKG2C(+)GZMB(-)CD8(+) memory T cells and accumulation of type 2 memory T cells","volume":"57","author":"Terekhova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data","volume":"184","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","article-title":"Comprehensive integration of single-cell data","volume":"177","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4465","article-title":"Type I IFNs provide a third signal to CD8 T cells to stimulate clonal expansion and differentiation","volume":"174","author":"Curtsinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03917-5","article-title":"Identification of CD4_Naive cells related gene FMO4 as a positive regulator of the poor prognosis of septic CRC patients","volume":"25","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-022-00422-y","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: mechanisms, diagnosis and current treatment options","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.09.010","article-title":"Coexistence of Th1\/Th2 and Th17\/Treg imbalances in patients with post traumatic sepsis","volume":"88","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.18946","article-title":"Immunization with Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) confers protection via Th17\/IL17 pathway in a murine sepsis model","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.180132","article-title":"Treg and neutrophil extracellular trap interaction contributes to the development of immunosuppression in sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105586","article-title":"Unraveling the immunological landscape and gut microbiome in sepsis: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"113","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356869","article-title":"Th17\/Treg balance: the bloom and wane in the pathophysiology of sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180397","article-title":"Metabolic control of regulatory T cell stability and function by TRAF3IP3 at the lysosome","volume":"215","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.302646.117","article-title":"ARID5B as a critical downstream target of the TAL1 complex that activates the oncogenic transcriptional program and promotes T-cell leukemogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5954","article-title":"Characterization of CD4(+) CTLs ex vivo","volume":"168","author":"Appay","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.02.007","article-title":"Integrated computational analysis identifies therapeutic targets with dual action in cancer cells and T cells","volume":"58","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.06.044","article-title":"Expression, biological activities and mechanisms of action of A20 (TNFAIP3)","volume":"80","author":"Verstrepen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1483393","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of circulating immune cells supports inhibition of TNFAIP3 and NFKBIA translation as psoriatic arthritis biomarkers","volume":"16","author":"Garrido","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0194","article-title":"mRNA destabilization by BTG1 and BTG2 maintains T cell quiescence","volume":"367","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf047","article-title":"The homeostasis and heterogeneity of regulatory T cells in sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01036-7","article-title":"Intricacies of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1632902","article-title":"Immune checkpoint receptors tim-3 and PD-1 regulate monocyte and T lymphocyte function in septic patients","volume":"2018","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78078","article-title":"HSF1 promotes CD69(+) Treg differentiation to inhibit colitis progression","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549570","article-title":"Distinct Omicron longitudinal memory T cell profile and T cell receptor repertoire associated with COVID-19 hospitalisation","volume":"16","author":"Markey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01685-w","article-title":"TCR repertoire landscape reveals macrophage-mediated clone deletion in endotoxin tolerance","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2106044","article-title":"Diversity of the T cell receptor \u03b2 chain complementarity-determining region 3 in peripheral blood of neonates with sepsis: an analysis based on immune repertoire sequencing","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.747263","article-title":"Using RNA-seq to investigate immune-metabolism features in immunocompromised patients with sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582949","article-title":"Temporal TCR dynamics and epitope diversity mark recovery in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"16","author":"Khare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402473","article-title":"Polymicrobial sepsis increases susceptibility to chronic viral infection and exacerbates CD8+ T cell exhaustion","volume":"195","author":"Condotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202379","article-title":"Sustained and incomplete recovery of naive CD8+ T cell precursors after sepsis contributes to impaired CD8+ T cell responses to infection","volume":"190","author":"Condotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1527142","article-title":"Age influences the circulating immune profile in pediatric sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Fisler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp019","article-title":"Human memory CCR4+CD8+ T cell subset has the ability to produce multiple cytokines","volume":"21","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01729","article-title":"Editorial: cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in viral infections","volume":"8","author":"Phetsouphanh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052319","article-title":"Maintenance of viral suppression in HIV-1-infected HLA-B*57+ elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations","volume":"203","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43093","article-title":"Inflammatory IFIT3 renders chemotherapy resistance by regulating post-translational modification of VDAC2 in pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0889-y","article-title":"Rsad2 is necessary for mouse dendritic cell maturation via the IRF7-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204565","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of primary and metastatic tumor ecosystems in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03605-2","article-title":"Identification and analysis of mitochondria-related key genes of heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2011.07.019","article-title":"Neutralization of interleukin-10 or transforming growth factor-\u03b2 decreases the percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in septic mice, thereby leading to an improved survival","volume":"151","author":"Hiraki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02093-8","article-title":"A pan-immune panorama of bacterial pneumonia revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.020","article-title":"The transcription factor IRF2 drives interferon-mediated CD8(+) T cell exhaustion to restrict anti-tumor immunity","volume":"55","author":"Lukhele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2115","article-title":"Role of direct effects of IFN-gamma on T cells in the regulation of CD8 T cell homeostasis","volume":"179","author":"Tewari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.41646","article-title":"Human CD8 T cells are susceptible to TNF-mediated activation-induced cell death","volume":"10","author":"Otano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)80946-0","article-title":"Compartmentalization of bacterial antigens: differential effects on priming of CD8 T cells and protective immunity","volume":"92","author":"Shen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451190","article-title":"Sepsis shapes the human \u03b3\u03b4 TCR repertoire in an age- and pathogen-dependent manner","volume":"54","author":"Giannoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri853","article-title":"Maintaining the norm: T-cell homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Jameson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0334572100","article-title":"Competition for self ligands restrains homeostatic proliferation of naive CD4 T cells","volume":"100","author":"Moses","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.672","article-title":"Cutting edge: homeostatic proliferation of peripheral T lymphocytes is regulated by clonal competition","volume":"170","author":"Troy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0808491","article-title":"Differential lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following septic injury","volume":"85","author":"Unsinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.23736\/s2724-6051.24.05686-6","article-title":"Application of AI in urolithiasis risk of infection: a scoping review","volume":"76","author":"Campobasso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab951","article-title":"Database resources of the national genomics data center, China national center for bioinformation in 2022","volume":"50","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2021.08.001","article-title":"The genome sequence archive family: toward explosive data growth and diverse data types","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinf"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754842\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:22:53Z","timestamp":1772515373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754842\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754842","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"article-number":"1754842"}}