{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:03:49Z","timestamp":1781071429722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports three cases of refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients who exhibited persistent severe neuropsychiatric symptoms after first-line immunotherapy (glucocorticoids, intravenous Immunoglobulin) and long-term (maintenance) immunotherapy (mycophenolate mofetil). These patients received subcutaneous injections of ofatumumab (OFA, 20 mg per dose), with dynamic monitoring of CD20+ B cell levels, antibody titers, imaging findings, and neurological function scores. All three patients showed significant improvement in psychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, and brain imaging after treatment, with CD20+ B cell levels rapidly declining to extremely low levels. Only one patient experienced mild bone pain and a low-grade fever, with no severe adverse events reported. Therefore, OFA provides a rapid, safe, and effective approach to alleviate symptoms in refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis, offering a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic option for patients unresponsive to conventional treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1754979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1781069991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Ofatumumab for the treatment of refractory anti-NMDAR-positive autoimmune encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yekai","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University","place":["Zhanjiang, 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