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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection presents a wide clinical spectrum ranging from lifelong asymptomatic carriage to severe inflammatory neurodegeneration (HAM\/TSP) or adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL). Although IgG responses contribute to viral control and immunopathology, the extent to which HTLV-1 clinical outcomes shape pathogen-derived IgG repertoires remains unclear. In this study, we applied a high-density infectious-disease epitope microarray containing 4,345 linear epitopes from viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens to profile IgG responses in healthy controls (HCs), asymptomatic carriers (ACs), HAM\/TSP patients, and ATLL patients. Signal intensities were quantified in arbitrary units, and recognized epitopes were evaluated using similarity clustering (80% identity threshold) to assess repertoire structure. HTLV-1\u2013infected individuals exhibited extensive remodeling of humoral immunity, with marked differences in the breadth and intensity of IgG recognition across clinical groups. HAM\/TSP patients displayed broad and high-magnitude responses consistent with chronic inflammation and heightened Th1 activation, whereas ATLL patients recognized the largest number of epitopes but with distinct patterns indicative of altered B-cell regulation. Enhanced IgG responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were consistent with known co-infection susceptibilities in HTLV-1. Epitope similarity analysis revealed hundreds of low-redundancy clusters across all groups, arguing against simple linear cross-reactivity and suggesting phenotype-specific reshaping of B-cell selection and idiotypic networks. These findings demonstrate that HTLV-1 infection produces distinct, clinically dependent IgG epitope signatures across multiple pathogen classes, with potential relevance for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and informing future studies integrating epitope mapping with B-cell repertoire analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1755133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:03:59Z","timestamp":1772003039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical outcomes-dependent IgG epitope profiling in HTLV-1 reveals differential recognition of pathogen-derived antigens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Natali Espasiani","family":"Cilento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, 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Baratelli","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lhays Oz\u00f3rio","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Boveto","family":"Santamarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Casseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o 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