{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:08:48Z","timestamp":1785557328356,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82002218, 82202978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002218, 82202978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ inflammation and profound immune dysregulation. Aberrant interactions among adaptive and innate immune cells\u2014including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells\u2014disrupt immune tolerance and perpetuate chronic inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the dysfunctional cellular immune landscape in SLE, focusing on the pathogenic crosstalk among immune cell subsets and its contribution to disease progression. We highlight the imbalance of T cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Tfh, Treg), B cell hyperactivation, and impaired regulatory cell function. Furthermore, we discuss how excessive NETosis, type I interferon signaling, and impaired apoptotic clearance amplify autoantibody production and immune complex-mediated injury. Emerging evidence positions gut microbiome dysbiosis as a critical environmental driver of immune dysregulation in SLE, characterized by depletion of beneficial butyrate-producing commensals and enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa. This dysbiosis contributes to disease pathogenesis through gut barrier dysfunction, molecular mimicry, and short-chain fatty acid deficiency. Finally, we examine potential therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint modulation, metabolic interventions, and novel cellular therapies, aimed at restoring immune equilibrium in SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1755310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1780034493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The landscape of cellular immune alteration in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Diagnostics, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single-cell and Extracellular Vesicles, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical 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