{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:53:30Z","timestamp":1788900810586,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen availability is considered as an important determinant of immune regulation, yet its impact on regulatory T cells remains incompletely understood. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on how chronic and intermittent hypoxia influence the differentiation, stability and function of regulatory T cells across diverse physiological and pathological settings. We describe the main cellular pathways engaged during hypoxic adaptation, with emphasis on the role of hypoxia-inducible factors in shaping regulatory T cell metabolism and lineage integrity. We then evaluate findings from clinical contexts characterized by sustained or cyclical oxygen deprivation, including chronic lung disease, sleep-disordered breathing and severe viral infection. Across these conditions, hypoxia is associated with alterations in regulatory T cell phenotype and its suppressive function, although patterns vary according to microenvironment and disease stage. A clearer understanding of how distinct hypoxic patterns modulate regulatory T cell biology will be essential for identifying therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune balance in hypoxia-associated disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1755928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1771915612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulatory T cells in hypoxic environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Farmacolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universidad de Chile Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Aguirre","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Luna-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biof\u00edsica y Fisiopatolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Farmacolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Merino-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Farmacolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Handy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Farmacolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Pepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes Natalia","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, N\u00facleo Interdisciplinario de Farmacolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750542","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: regulation of identity and function","volume":"12","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: the role of thymic lymphocytes","volume":"18","author":"Gershon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1151","article-title":"Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). 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