{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:52:55Z","timestamp":1793987575741,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is traditionally characterised by recurrent infections and immune dysregulation, but growing evidence suggests an increased risk of endothelial dysfunction and premature atherosclerosis in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate cardiovascular risk in patients with CVID through integration of clinical risk factors, biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, and radiographic surrogates of subclinical atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 101 CVID patients and 56 matched household controls were recruited. Data collected included cardiovascular risk factors, blood biomarkers (D-dimer, von Willebrand factor [vWF], fibrinogen, ESR, CRP), and immunological profiles. Existing imaging was reviewed, including thoracic CT for assessment of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and FibroScan for controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) scores; aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) was measured in a subset of participants. Subgroup analysis compared infection-only versus inflammatory\/complex phenotypes of CVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVID patients demonstrated high rates of hyperlipidaemia (38.6%), hypertension (23.8%), and diabetes\/prediabetes (14.9%). CAC was present in 37%, with 82.4% having no known prior cardiovascular disease. Hepatic steatosis and elevated aPWV were observed in 30% and 6.5%, respectively. Patients with CAC were older and had higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, chronic kidney disease, elevated median vWF (227.5 vs 167 IU\/dL, p=0.001), D-dimer (370.5 vs 271 ng\/mL, p=0.011), and aPWV (8.2 vs 6.0 m\/s, p=0.006). Patients with an inflammatory phenotype had higher vWF (224 vs 163 IU\/dL, p&amp;lt;0.001) and D-dimer (314 vs 205 ng\/mL, p=0.043) levels than those with infection-only CVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVID is associated with a substantial burden of cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis, especially in the inflammatory phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:42:51Z","timestamp":1772433771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk factors and surrogate indicators for cardiovascular disease are prevalent in Common Variable Immunodeficiency and associate with inflammatory 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