{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:11:28Z","timestamp":1779257488774,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hematological patients are at higher risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and exhibit impaired vaccine responses due to disease and therapy. Treatments like Rituximab are known to compromise immune function, reducing the generation of protective antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the CORSA trial, we evaluated humoral and cellular responses to messenger RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in 77 patients with hematological malignancies receiving active treatment and in matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were processed to assess Spike-specific immunoglobulin G titers, T-cell responses by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and T-cell receptor repertoire sequencing from baseline to six months after vaccination to determine clonal breadth and depth of Spike-specific T-cell receptor clones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seroconversion occurred in only 8% and 21% of patients after the first and second dose, compared to 93% and 100% of healthy controls. Despite poor antibody responses, 69% of seronegative patients showed measurable T-cell activity, suggesting some level of vaccine-induced protection.  Spike-specific TCR repertoire analysis in lymphoma patients (LP) and HC revealed significantly broader clonal breadth (p = 0.0013) and higher clonal depth (p = 0.0265) in HC at day 50 versus baseline, while blunted diversification in LP (p = 0.0407).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lymphoma patients showed significantly weaker Spike-specific clonal responses and reduced diversity compared with healthy controls, supporting the association with increased patient vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:46:55Z","timestamp":1779256015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CORSA study finds spike-specific blunted immune responses in lymphoma patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Musuraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Affaticati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADREM Data Lab of the Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Bartholomeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Campillo-Davo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Faghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA)","place":["Edegem, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Zingaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Foca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Cerchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ancarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Borges de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"De Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gaimari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oriana","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Sambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory","place":["Cesena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Sciences Oncology, Institute of Haematology \u201cL. and A. Ser\u00e0gnoli\u201d S. Orsola, University Hospital in Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Malaspina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Meysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADREM Data Lab of the Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) \u201cDino Amadori\u201d","place":["Meldola, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Epidemiological alert: Increased activity of seasonal influenza virus and other respiratory viruses in the northern hemisphere","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and respiratory illness on UK healthcare workers during winter 2023\/24 (September 2023 to March 2024): SIREN cohort study","volume-title":"J. Infection","author":"Foulkes","year":"2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu623","article-title":"Management of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic Malignancies","volume":"59","author":"Chemaly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29833","article-title":"Acute respiratory infections in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"122","author":"Hakim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080704","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of common respiratory viral infections in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients","volume":"13","author":"Theodoropoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(20)30251-9","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological Malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Passamonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0836-7","article-title":"COVID-19 in persons with haematological cancers","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008824","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with hematologic Malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients","volume":"136","author":"Vijenthira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.01.001","article-title":"Acute immune signatures and their legacies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infected cancer patients","volume":"39","author":"Abdul-Jawad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00730-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity to structural proteins in inactivated COVID-19 vaccine recipients","volume":"18","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abj1750","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccine recipients","volume":"6","author":"Geers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci149335","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce broad CD4+ T cell responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants and HCoV-NL63","volume":"131","author":"Woldemeskel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1240175","article-title":"Clinical analysis of prolonged viral clearance time in patients with lymphoma combined with novel coronavirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13926","article-title":"Global reported impacts of COVID\u201019 on lymphoma patients and the emerging clinical management approaches in response to the ongoing pandemic","volume":"110","author":"Elliott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v10.i6.312","article-title":"COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) in lymphoma patients: A review","volume":"10","author":"Bonuomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.bcd-22-0077","article-title":"Anti-spike T cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with hematologic Malignancies","volume":"3","author":"Greenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17877","article-title":"T\u2010cell immune response after mRNA SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines is frequently detected also in the absence of seroconversion in patients with lymphoid Malignancies","volume":"196","author":"Marasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26209","article-title":"Prolonged in\u2010hospital stay and higher mortality after Covid\u201019 among patients with non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma treated with B\u2010cell depleting immunotherapy","volume":"96","author":"Dul\u00e9ry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-372649","article-title":"Rituximab blocks protective serologic response to influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in lymphoma patients during or within 6 months after treatment","volume":"118","author":"Yri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.055","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated varicella-zoster virus vaccine in adults with hematologic Malignancies receiving treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"35","author":"Parrino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.164285","article-title":"Ibrutinib may impair serological responses to influenza vaccination","volume":"102","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008758","article-title":"Effect of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor on efficacy of adjuvanted recombinant hepatitis B and zoster vaccines","volume":"137","author":"Pleyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051222","article-title":"Utility of bulk T-cell receptor repertoire sequencing analysis in understanding immune responses to COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Kockelbergh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.05.001","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust cellular immunity and clinical protection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"40","author":"Parry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006101","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with hematologic Malignancies","volume":"6","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28578-0","article-title":"Humoral and cellular responses after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with lymphoid Malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Re","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.11.006","article-title":"Measurement of cytokine release at the single cell level using the ELISPOT assay","volume":"38","author":"Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.8.6.1248-1257.2001","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunospot assays provide a sensitive tool for detection of cytokine secretion by monocytes","volume":"8","author":"Kouwenhoven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Direct comparison of ELISPOT and ELISA-based assays for detection of individual cytokine-secreting cells","volume":"13","author":"Tanguay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lymphokine Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.68605","article-title":"TCR meta-clonotypes for biomarker discovery with tcrdist3 enabled identification of public, HLA-restricted clusters of SARS-CoV-2 TCRs","volume":"10","author":"Mayer-Blackwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012724","article-title":"Learning predictive signatures of HLA type from T-cell repertoires","volume":"21","author":"Ortega","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1488851","article-title":"A large-scale database of T-cell receptor beta sequences and binding associations from natural and synthetic exposure to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"16","author":"Nolan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.2437","article-title":"Seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011568","article-title":"Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"137","author":"Herishanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102553","article-title":"Decoding the historical tale: COVID-19 impact on haematological Malignancy patients\u2014EPICOVIDEHA insights from 2020 to 2022","volume":"71","author":"Salmanton-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2023-0171","article-title":"Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with hematological Malignancy compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Barshan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMA J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0884-z","article-title":"Response to the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)","volume":"35","author":"Mauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.012","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine triggers a better immune response than pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia a randomized study by the Swedish CLL group","volume":"36","author":"Svensson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0953-6205(01)00149-2","article-title":"Influenza virus vaccination and booster in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients","volume":"12","author":"Velden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-494096","article-title":"The effect of rituximab on vaccine responses in patients with immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"122","author":"Nazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2021.0002","article-title":"X-Linked agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19: Two case reports and review of literature","volume":"34","author":"Devassikutty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124067","article-title":"Experience in multiple sclerosis patients with COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies: a review of 873 published cases","volume":"9","author":"M\u00f6hn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102789","article-title":"A glimpse into the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm","volume":"55","author":"Kuppalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13262","article-title":"T-cell responses and therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"162","author":"Toor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279216","article-title":"Humoral serological response to the BNT162b2 vaccine is abrogated in lymphoma patients within the first 12 months following treatment with anti-CD2O antibodies","volume":"107","author":"Gurion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00364-3","article-title":"Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after two and three doses of vaccine in B-cell Malignancies: UK PROSECO study","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013445","article-title":"Humoral and cellular responses after COVID-19 vaccination in anti-CD20-treated lymphoma patients","volume":"139","author":"Liebers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-022-01261-w","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of TCR repertoire of COVID-19 patients in different infected stage","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Genom"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.70011","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between humoral and cellular T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in exposed individuals from Emilia Romagna region and COVID-19 severity","volume":"105","author":"Mazzotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl5344","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype","volume":"6","author":"Guerrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1369436","article-title":"Clonal structure and the specificity of vaccine-induced T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"15","author":"Sheetikov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1543881","article-title":"Skewing of the T-cell receptor repertoire in patients receiving rituximab after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: what lies beneath","volume":"60","author":"Papalexandri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756325\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:46:56Z","timestamp":1779256016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756325\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1756325"}}