{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:47:16Z","timestamp":1776854836845,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002336","name":"Daiichi Sankyo Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007132","name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-cell redirection using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and\/or bispecific antibody (BsAb) has been recognized as a new therapeutic option for relapsed\/refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Bystander T cells in the body can affect immune responses after the treatment; however, their memory T-cell characteristics and antigen-specific responses still remain undefined. Here, we focused on memory-formed bystander T cells, and considered their viral-specific responses in a relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient who developed adenoviral hemorrhagic cystitis as an uncommon complication after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy following CD20 BsAb therapy. After BsAb therapy, effector memory T cells were the predominant population in the patient\u2019s peripheral blood, achieving a complete response without unwanted viral infection. Although memory T-cell phenotypes remained unchanged for 8 weeks after pausing of BsAb therapy, it was found that bystander central\/effector memory T cells had newly and successfully developed in the peripheral blood after sequential CAR-T cell therapy. Importantly, this patient did not develop any common viral infections during the course of treatment, such as reactivation of cytomegalovirus; however, adenoviral cystitis occurred even in the presence of memory T cells in the periphery after CAR-T cell therapy but not during BsAb therapy. These findings appear to suggest a difference between memory T-cell responses during BsAb therapy and those following CAR-T cell therapy, providing an important opportunity to reconsider memory-formed but newly-developed bystander T cells and their antigen-specific T-cell responses after CAR-T cell therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1756756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:59:48Z","timestamp":1776851988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Compromised response of memory-formed bystander T cells after CD19 CAR-T cell therapy following CD20 bispecific antibody therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuya","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine","place":["Toon, 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