{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:08:55Z","timestamp":1773198535142,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza imposes a heavy global public health burden, with current therapies limited by drug resistance and side effects. Natural products have antiviral potential, and intranasal delivery targets the respiratory tract. However, preclinical evidence lacks systematic evaluation, necessitating this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted per the PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved and screened from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, VIP Information Chinese Periodical Service Platform, China Biology Medicine Disc, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases. A meta-analysis was performed using R Studio software. The mean difference (MD) and relative risk (RR) were calculated using fixed effects or random effects models. Sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were also explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 23 studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared with the control treatment, intranasal natural products significantly increased the survival rate (RR\u00a0=\u00a03.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.44 to 4.93, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and reduced the viral titer (MD = \u22121.30, 95% CI: \u22122.27\u2013\u22120.32, p=0.0092 &amp;lt; 0.01) and lung index (MD =\u22120.10, 95% CI: \u22120.19\u2013\u22120.02, p = 0.015 &amp;lt; 0.05). In addition, intranasal natural products exerted regulatory effects on the body weight and inflammatory cytokines of influenza-infected mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show that intranasal natural products significantly increase survival and reduce the lung viral load in influenza models, with preliminary exploration of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Owing to methodological limitations and heterogeneity, high-quality preclinical studies and standardized animal experiments are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/inplasy.com\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier INPLASY INPLASY2025120006.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1758831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:44:03Z","timestamp":1773125043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intranasal natural products for influenza treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine","place":["China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.10.040","article-title":"Complications of viral influenza","volume":"121","author":"Rothberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy866","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenzaa","volume":"68","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"116","article-title":"Randomized controlled research on the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b combined with oseltamivir in the treatment of children with influenza virus pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Med Pharm"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13350","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics of inhaled ribavirin","volume":"15","author":"Couroux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00049-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of aerosolised Ad5-nCoV, intramuscular Ad5-nCoV, or inactivated COVID-19 vaccine CoronaVac given as the second booster following three doses of CoronaVac: a multicentre, open-label, phase 4, randomised trial","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051073","article-title":"Different methods and formulations of drugs and vaccines for nasal administration","volume":"14","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010031","article-title":"Dry powder for pulmonary delivery: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf056","article-title":"Plant extracts as a source of antiviral agents against influenza a virus","volume":"136","author":"Arumugam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1460604","article-title":"Effect of natural products on host cell autophagy induced by Influenza A virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102070","article-title":"Application of intranasal administration in the delivery of antidepressant active ingredients","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00347-x","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"4","author":"Ineichen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.001","article-title":"Natural products improve healthspan in aged mice and rats: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Musillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-024-01369-5","article-title":"Efficacy of natural products on premature ovarian failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (clin Res Ed,)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04555-4","article-title":"Intranasal administration of stem cell derivatives for the treatment of AD animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5547424","article-title":"Essential oil-rich chinese formula luofushan-baicao oil inhibits the infection of influenza a virus through the regulation of NF-\u03baB P65 and IRF3 activation","volume":"2021","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid-based Complement Altern Med Ecam"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114524","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of maqian (zanthoxylum myriacanthum var. pubescens) essential oil and its major constituents against strains of influenza virus","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1744","article-title":"Effects of TheraMax on influenza virus infections in cell culture and in mice","volume":"21","author":"Smee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Chem Chemother"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.03.006","article-title":"EPs\u00ae 7630 (Umckaloabo\u00ae), an extract from Pelargonium sidoides roots, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"94","author":"Theisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-3865.2017.06.001","article-title":"Effects of Ganlu Xiaodu micropill and its volatile oil on RIG-I\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in mice infected with influenza virus","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Pediatr Integrated Traditional Western Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.03.001","article-title":"Effects of ganlu xiaodu micropill and its volatile oil on lung inflammation related factors in mice infected with influenza virus","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Innovation China"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13194\/j.issn.1673-842x.2018.01.006","article-title":"Effects of ganlu xiaodu dan and its volatile oil on the IL-4\/IFN-\u03b3 Levels of mice infected with influenza virus","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Liaoning Univ Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13193\/j.issn.1673-7717.2019.02.019","article-title":"Effects of ganlu xiaodu micropilland its volatile oil on mucosal immunity in miceInfected with influenza virus","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Arch Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7619\/jcmp.20212844","article-title":"Efficacy of Shuanghuanglian aerosol inhalation in treatment of mice with H9N2 avian influenza virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med Pract"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054967","article-title":"Antiviral effect of ginsenosides rk1 against influenza a virus infection by targeting the hemagglutinin 1-mediated virus attachment","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Effects of different meridian aromatic drugs on airway mucosa of influenza mice and analysis of differential gene expression profiling","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China J Traditional Chin Med Pharm"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.01.003","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza a\/PR\/8 virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"74","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1691\/ph.2008.7617","article-title":"Protective efficacy of an aerosol preparation, obtained from geranium sanguineum L. in experimental influenza infection","volume":"63","author":"Serkedjieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109226","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of reduning injection and atomization inhalation","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19803\/j.1672-8629.2021.12.01","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of reduning inhalation solution on viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A\/PR\/8\/H1N1","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20240101","article-title":"Preliminary proteomics-based investigation of inhibitory effect and mechanism of BD-77 by nebulized inhalation on respiratory viral infections","volume":"30","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Exp Traditional Med Formulae"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00171","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Ladania067, an extract from wild black currant leaves against influenza a virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Haasbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0387-0","article-title":"Intranasal administration of poly-gamma glutamate induced antiviral activity and protective immune responses against H1N1 influenza a virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153892","article-title":"Potent antiviral activity of the extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Joo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113773","article-title":"Anti-influenza a virus activity by agrimonia pilosa and galla rhois extract mixture","volume":"155","author":"Joo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother = BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01164","article-title":"Inhibition of influenza virus infection by lentinus edodes mycelia extract through its direct action and immunopotentiating activity","volume":"9","author":"Kuroki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121919","article-title":"Phlorotannin-rich ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract inhibits influenza infection","volume":"16","author":"Mega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1266-x","article-title":"Inhibition effects of patchouli alcohol against influenza a virus through targeting cellular PI3K\/akt and ERK\/MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040346","article-title":"Influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: yin-yang proteins coevolving to thwart immunity","volume":"11","author":"Kosik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575401074250923075239","article-title":"Small molecule influenza virus fusion inhibitors targeting viral hemagglutinin: chemical insights and antiviral evaluation","volume":"25","author":"\u00c7\u0131nar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mini-Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01011-x","article-title":"Boosting neuraminidase immunity in the presence of hemagglutinin with the next generation of influenza vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00391-25","article-title":"Binding antibody titers against the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase correlate with protection against medically attended influenza a and B disease","volume":"99","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200114115632","article-title":"Insights into RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors as antiinfluenza virus agents","volume":"28","author":"Giacchello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3367","article-title":"At the centre: influenza a virus ribonucleoproteins","volume":"13","author":"Eisfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.666","article-title":"Structure of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes and their packaging into virions","volume":"20","author":"Noda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026622666220127112056","article-title":"Multi-target approaches of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives against influenza viruses","volume":"22","author":"da Silva-J\u00fanior","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091157","article-title":"Licoflavone B suppresses influenza a virus by targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00304.x","article-title":"Influenza neuraminidase","volume":"6","author":"Air","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00039","article-title":"Influenza virus neuraminidase structure and functions","volume":"10","author":"McAuley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05611-1","article-title":"Antiviral strategies against influenza virus: an update on approved and innovative therapeutic approaches","volume":"82","author":"Bonomini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-025-11115-8","article-title":"Discovery of natural products as influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: in silico screening, in vitro validation, and molecular dynamic simulation studies","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Diversity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.659419","article-title":"Quantification of cytokine storms during virus infections","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110917","article-title":"The main bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. for alleviation of inflammatory cytokines: A comprehensive review","volume":"133","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother = BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.892864","article-title":"Anti-influenza effect and mechanisms of lentinan in an ICR mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19771-0","article-title":"The pivotal role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-akt signal transduction in virus survival","volume":"85","author":"Cooray","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.005","article-title":"Mechanism of action of the suppression of influenza virus replication by ko-ken tang through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/akt signaling pathway and viral RNP nuclear export","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.8.1439","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathways","volume":"114","author":"Cantrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1657829","article-title":"Natural products alleviate viral pneumonia by modulating inflammatory and oxidative-stress pathways","volume":"16","author":"Tie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04612-4","article-title":"Does vitamin D reduce the mortality rate of plasmodium infection?: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kalantari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9918-2","article-title":"Use of anti-platelet agents in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis in patients at risk for chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3830-x","article-title":"Functional growth inhibition of influenza A and B viruses by liquid and powder components of leaves from the subtropical plant Melia azedarach L","volume":"163","author":"Nerome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.041","article-title":"Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Quan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1758831\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:44:10Z","timestamp":1773125050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1758831\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1758831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1758831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"article-number":"1758831"}}