{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:14:20Z","timestamp":1789769660255,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent oral inflammatory disease that affects nearly half of adults 30 years or older in the United States. It is characterized byexcessive inflammation within the periodontal pockets typically in response to bacterial challenge and is characterized by inflamed gums, destruction of periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss if left untreated. T cells are adaptive immune cells which play important roles in driving inflammation and alveolar bone loss during severe periodontitis. Additionally, several studies have reported associations between periodontal pathogens and chronic inflammation within the oral cavity to several systemic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain cancers. CD5 is a glycoprotein receptor found on the surface of T cells that serves as a coinhibitory receptor that attenuates TCR signaling, and its immunoregulatory role has yet to be investigated in the context of periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we characterize the functional differences between CD5 knockout T cells and wildtype T cells, including T cell activation, differentiation, and cytokine production, in an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model used to investigate the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS on oral epithelial and immune cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study we report that removal of CD5 increases T cell activation and effector\/memory formation and increased CD4+ T cell Csf1 mRNA transcription while decreasing Rankl transcription. Together, these findings provide insights into the role of CD5 in modulating inflammation during periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1761775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:20:09Z","timestamp":1781068809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Removal of CD5 on T cells alters their differentiation and cytokine production in an in vitro model investigating effects of P. gingivalis LPS on oral epithelial and immune cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Svitlana","family":"Rodriguez Bezruchko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallin","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine","place":["South Jordan, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia M.","family":"Tellez Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine","place":["South Jordan, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Scott","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00347.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and control of pathologic bone loss in periodontitis","volume":"53","author":"Bartold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2197779","article-title":"Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis","volume":"15","author":"Abdulkareem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.21-0111","article-title":"Economic burden of periodontitis in the United States and Europe: An updated estimation","volume":"93","author":"Botelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.04.023","article-title":"Periodontitis in US adults: national health and nutrition examination survey 2009-2014","volume":"149","author":"Eke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","article-title":"Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities","volume":"21","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2019-0248","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Baeza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.10.012","article-title":"Detection of periodontal bacteria in thrombi of patients with acute myocardial infarction by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"163","author":"Ohki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12077","article-title":"Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases","volume":"84","author":"Chapple","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00327","article-title":"Periodontitis and alzheimer's disease: A possible comorbidity between oral chronic inflammatory condition and neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692420","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6692420","article-title":"The association between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/aiad220041","article-title":"Clinical and bacterial markers of periodontitis and their association with incident all-cause and alzheimer's disease dementia in a large national survey","volume":"75","author":"Beydoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00658","article-title":"Periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis-LPS is associated with neuroinflammation and learning and memory impairment in sprague-dawley rats","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151081","article-title":"Periodontitis and cognitive decline in alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Ide","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2278","article-title":"Association of Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis - a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from observational studies","volume":"95","author":"Kaliamoorthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.400","article-title":"Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. 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