{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:36:48Z","timestamp":1777012608902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019706","name":"Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QB10-IDRP-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QB10-IDRP-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007833","name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC-01-21-1063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC-01-21-1063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a major global health and economic burden. Although the pandemic was no longer declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2023, SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, and millions remain affected by long COVID. This raises the question whether continued vaccination provides lasting benefits in preventing viral transmission and severe illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study assessed the effects of the third BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose on the circulating proteome for 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma levels of 354 unique proteins were quantified before, and at 3- and 6-months post-booster using Olink technology in 70 healthy individuals; 35 infection-na\u00efve and 35 previously infected individuals (18 infected before, 17 after completing the two-dose regimen).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infection-na\u00efve individuals showed altered levels of eleven and eight proteins at 3- and 6-months post-booster, respectively, including a significant sustained increase in PARP-1 (FC\u00a0=\u00a01.53, p=8.59x10\n                      <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                      , pFDR=0.01) and significant decrease in MMP-7 (FC\u00a0=\u00a00.68, p=4.58x10\n                      <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                      , pFDR=0.01), in addition to elevated levels of MMP-1 (FC\u00a0=\u00a01.46, p=0.04, pFDR&amp;gt;0.05) and decrease in 4E-BP1 (FC\u00a0=\u00a00.58, p=0.01, pFDR&amp;gt;0.05) at 6 months post-booster. Similarly, previously infected individuals, in particular those with earlier infections before receiving the second dose exhibited a significant sustained upregulation of PARP-1 (FC\u00a0=\u00a02.10, p=1.19x10\n                      <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                      , pFDR=0.003) and downregulation of MMP-7 (FC\u00a0=\u00a00.58, p=2.19x10\n                      <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                      , pFDR=0.003) at 6-months post-booster. Notably, PARP-1 and MMP-7 were consistently affected across all individuals. Longitudinal proteome profiling revealed dysregulation of key inflammatory proteins for up to 6 months post-booster, including PARP-1 and MMP-7 (pFDR=1.58x10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>\n                      and pFDR=1.59x10\n                      <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide insights into the temporal dynamics of circulating proteomic responses following booster vaccination, highlighting molecular features that may be relevant to immune readiness and post-vaccination inflammatory processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1762522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:40:41Z","timestamp":1777009241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-booster longitudinal plasma proteomic changes following BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in Qatar"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Bentebbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Zaqout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakhita","family":"Meqbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilham","family":"Bensmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics Core Facility, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Aldushain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adviti","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hibah","family":"Shaath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neyla S.","family":"Al-Akl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdi","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houda Y. A.","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung C.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rowaida Z.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abukhattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muna A.","family":"Al-Maslamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nehad M.","family":"Alajez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelilah","family":"Arredouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF)","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar M. 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