{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:54:03Z","timestamp":1781589243480,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate the expression of Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Ameloblastoma (AM) and its correlation with\n \n BRAF\n V600E<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n mutation as well as the expression of Cytotoxic CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cells (CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T) and Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) in the immune microenvironment. And to preliminarily explore the potential association of PD-L1 with the biological behavior and Disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with AM, so as to provide a theoretical reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of AM were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect the expression of\n \n BRAF\n V600E<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n mutant protein, CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cells, FoxP3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cells and PD-L1. Molecular testing for the\n \n BRAF\n V600E<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n mutation was further conducted in 29 eligible AM specimens. PD-L1 expression was evaluated by IHC, and the combined positive score (CPS) \u2265 1 was defined as PD-L1 positivity. The chi-square test and Fisher\u2019s exact test were used for bivariate statistical analysis. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to identify predictive factors for DFS.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 50 patients, 42 (84%) were PD-L1 positive. Forty-one cases were\n BRAF<\/jats:italic>\n mutation-positive, and 38 of them (92.68%) showed PD-L1 positivity, indicating a significant association between the two (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.003). No significant correlations were found between PD-L1 and other major indicators, including CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cells (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.247), FoxP3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n cells (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.702), and pathological subtype (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.667). In exploratory survival analysis, patients with high CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cell infiltration exhibited a tendency of prolonged DFS compared with those with low infiltration (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.112, 95%CI: 0.014\u20130.913,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.041).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n PD-L1 expression is frequently observed in AM with\n \n BRAF\n V600E<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n mutation, whereas no significant correlation is identified between PD-L1 and the clinicopathological parameters associated with AM. Within the limitation of relatively short follow-up duration, high CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cell infiltration was indicated to be potentially correlated with favorable DFS in AM patients, which needs further verification in cohorts with longer follow-up.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1762600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:37:46Z","timestamp":1781588266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programmed cell death ligand 1 in correlation with BRAFV600E mutation, molecular characteristics and biological behavior in ameloblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aijing","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University","place":["Bengbu, Anhui, 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Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University","place":["Bengbu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University","place":["Bengbu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13031","article-title":"Global incidence and profile of ameloblastoma: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hendra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-021-01404-7","article-title":"Update from the 5th edition of the world health organization classification of head and neck 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