{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:35:50Z","timestamp":1786365350639,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012819","name":"Egyptian Cultural and Educational Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers. The disease can manifest diverse phenotypes -such as mucocutaneous, ocular BD- with an uncertain role for autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis. Altered \u03b3\u03b4T-cell and B-cell phenotypes have been widely reported in BD, but it remains unknown whether these lineages can interact to promote autoantibody production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 75 patients with a BD diagnosis, alongside 41 healthy control (HC) volunteers. We performed\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      flow-cytometric profiling of blood \u03b3\u03b4T and B cells, established a cell culture system to investigate plasma cell generation\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and quantified anti-HSP60 autoantibody levels in BD and HC participants\u2019 serum and cell culture supernatants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BD patients with active disease displayed a significant increase in the frequency of cells CXCR5\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      PD-1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      V\u03b42 T cells resembling a follicular helper-like functional state. Upon stimulation, V\u03b42 T cells from BD patients showed increased expression of ICOS and CXCR5, induced significant B cell proliferation, and promoted differentiation of plasma cells\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Cultures of cells from BD patients contained increased levels of multiple cytokines that can support plasma cell differentiation (IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, CXCL13, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3). Anti-HSP60 autoantibodies were significantly enriched in blood serum from BD patients with active disease as well as the supernatants of patient-derived cell cultures compared to the healthy volunteer cell cultures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that \u03b3\u03b4T cells may enhance B-cell differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells in BD patients with mucocutaneous and ocular clinical phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1763174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T05:22:06Z","timestamp":1770614526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Follicular helper-like \u03b3\u03b4 T cells promote plasma cell differentiation in 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