{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:52:06Z","timestamp":1793994726670,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    With global viral emergence and increasing antiviral resistance, there is an urgent need for innovative immunomodulatory strategies. Gut microbiota modulation has gained attention as a promising therapeutic approach.\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) plays a pivotal role in shaping microbial composition, preserving intestinal barrier integrity, and enhancing mucosal immunity. Its major metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), further strengthen mucosal defenses and exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. This review proposes a unified \u201cgut-centric hypothesis\u201d that intestinal barrier integrity, microbial homeostasis, and mucosal immune balance collectively determine the host\u2019s resilience to viral invasion and inflammation. The collective findings delineate a mechanistic axis whereby\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    orchestrates antiviral and anti-inflammatory immunity through the induction of type I\/III interferons, modulation of inflammasome signaling, and expansion of regulatory immune populations, reinforcing its therapeutic promise. This review provides a new conceptual framework linking probiotic action to antiviral immunity, identifying\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a potential next-generation microbial therapeutic for viral and inflammatory diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1763817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:55:09Z","timestamp":1771397709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The role of Clostridium butyricum and its metabolites in modulating gut mucosal immunity: implications for viral infections and inflammatory diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaoju","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, China"]},{"name":"Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, China"]},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, 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