{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:11:43Z","timestamp":1777961503420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A, an acute or subacute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza A virus (IAV), affects humans and animals, and poses a serious threat to public health. Currently, IAV prevention and treatment rely primarily on antiviral drugs and nebulization therapy. Although these methods offer rapid efficacy, prolonged or excessive use often induces drug resistance and sequelae, and has high costs. Throughout China\u2019s history, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has repeatedly resisted major epidemics, and substantially contributed to the survival and cultural continuity of the Chinese nation. Modern medical research has demonstrated that certain traditional Chinese medicinal formulas or their primary active constituents exhibit significant antiviral activity and immunomodulatory effects. Consequently, exploring the antiviral mechanisms of TCM or their active components, alongside their synergistic application with influenza vaccines and existing antiviral drugs, could enable novel approaches and research directions to achieve influenza prevention and control. This article reviews the current status of IAV transmission, as well as progress in modern medical research in influenza A prevention and treatment with TCMs or their active constituents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:31:52Z","timestamp":1777959112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research progress in the inhibitory mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine therapies against influenza A"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingjiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shitong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ninghao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27907","article-title":"Transchromosomic bovines-derived broadly neutralizing antibodies as potent biotherapeutics to counter important emerging viral pathogens with a special focus on SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika, HIV-1, and influenza A virus","volume":"94","author":"Saied","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2368202","article-title":"Genomic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of influenza A viruses in Colombian swine: Implications for one health surveillance and control","volume":"13","author":"Ciuoderis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03011","article-title":"Influenza swine flu virus: A candidate for the next pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Shaikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Global Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107671","article-title":"Influenza virus: Genomic insights, evolution, and its clinical presentation","volume":"205","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.7326\/aitc202111160","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"400","author":"Uyeki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01080-4","article-title":"Burden of acute respiratory infections caused by influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2 with consideration of older adults: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Hanage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2024.100452","article-title":"Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review","volume":"17","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine: X"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.171878","article-title":"Canine influenza virus A(H3N2) clade with antigenic variation, China, 2016-2017","volume":"25","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01888-x","article-title":"Transmission and pathogenicity of canine H3N2 influenza virus in dog and Guinea pig models","volume":"19","author":"Tangwangvivat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ovj.2022.v12.i5.12","article-title":"Influenza A viruses circulating in dogs: A review of the scientific literature","volume":"12","author":"Klivleyeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081435","article-title":"Influenza virus infections in cats","volume":"13","author":"Frymus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses-Basel"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4","article-title":"Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle","volume":"634","author":"Caserta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.230188","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4B virus in domestic cat, France, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Briand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038562","article-title":"Canine and feline influenza","volume":"11","author":"Wasik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34601-1","article-title":"Human infection with a reassortment avian influenza A H3N8 virus: An epidemiological investigation study","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.05.007","article-title":"A child with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by avian influenza H3N8 virus","volume":"85","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2117097","article-title":"A case of human infection by H3N8 influenza virus","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(22)00192-6","article-title":"Human infection of avian influenza A H3N8 virus and the viral origins: A descriptive study","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00224-20","article-title":"Understanding the impact of resistance to influenza antivirals","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl4013","article-title":"In vitro selection and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nirmatrelvir resistance mutations contributing to clinical virus resistance surveillance","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.09.008","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104743","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107843","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral infections: Efficacies and mechanisms","volume":"225","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1040129","article-title":"Screening of antiviral components of Yinhuapinggan granule and protective effects of Yinhuapinggan granule on MDCK cells with influenza A\/H1N1 virus","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Reduning plus ribavirin display synergistic activity against severe pneumonia induced by H1N1 influenza A virus in mice","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107307","article-title":"Exploring multiple mechanisms of Qingjie Fanggan prescription for prevention and treatment of influenza based on systems pharmacology","volume":"88","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2023.2219746","article-title":"Systems pharmacology approach to explore the mechanisms of Shufeng Jiedu capsule on treating H1N1 infection","volume":"49","author":"Mei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6803","article-title":"Antiviral activity of puerarin as potent inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.08.003","article-title":"Mucosal immunomodulatory evaluation and chemical profile elucidation of a classical traditional Chinese formula, Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122080","article-title":"Immune-enhancing activity of compound polysaccharide on the inactivated influenza vaccine","volume":"336","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2017.05.006","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine compound Yi-Zhi-Hao pellet inhibits replication of influenza virus infection through activation of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.121029","article-title":"Integrated network pharmacology, metabolomics, and proteomics analysis of Shiqi Waigan granules for treating exogenous febrile disease","volume":"358","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.02.042","article-title":"Anti-H1N1 influenza effects and its possible mechanism of Huanglian Xiangru decoction","volume":"185","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104351","article-title":"Metagenomics approach the intestinal microbiome structure and function in the anti-H1N1 of a traditional Chinese medicine acid polysaccharide","volume":"147","author":"Xiaoting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123635","article-title":"Bidirectional and persistent immunomodulation of Astragalus polysaccharide as an adjuvant of influenza and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106893","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide improves immunogenicity of influenza vaccine as well as modulate gut microbiota in BALB\/c mice","volume":"195","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.08.056","article-title":"Jiawei-Yupingfeng-Tang, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits respiratory viral infections in vitro and in vivo","volume":"150","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00276","article-title":"Anti-influenza A virus activity of dendrobine and its mechanism of action","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.130","article-title":"Honeysuckle-encoded atypical microRNA2911 directly targets influenza A viruses","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101738","article-title":"Pterodontic acid isolated from Laggera pterodonta inhibits viral replication and inflammation induced by influenza A virus","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177606","article-title":"Carnosol inhibits influenza A virus by disrupting the viral envelope and interfering with JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"997","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155680","article-title":"Effect of Haoqin Qingdan Tang on influenza A virus through the Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK\/STAT) pathway","volume":"129","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112876","article-title":"Exploring the effective materials of flavonoids-enriched extract from Scutellaria baicalensis roots based on the metabolic activation in influenza a virus induced acute lung injury","volume":"177","author":"Zhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm BioMed Anal"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.11.003","article-title":"Baicalin inhibits autophagy induced by influenza a virus H3N2","volume":"113","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040539","article-title":"Berberine suppresses influenza a virus-triggered pyroptosis in macrophages via intervening in the Mtros-Mavs-Nlrp3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses-Basel"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00078","article-title":"Epigoitrin, an alkaloid from Isatis indigotica, reduces H1N1 infection in stress-induced susceptible model in vivo and in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3046","article-title":"A\/H1N1 influenza virus: The basics","volume":"339","author":"Watts","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ-British Med J"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.10.005","article-title":"ICAM-1 regulates the survival of influenza virus in lung epithelial cells during the early stages of infection","volume":"487","author":"Othumpangat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013090","article-title":"Influenza A virus RNA localisation and the interceding trafficking pathways of the host cell","volume":"21","author":"Bonazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01707-19","article-title":"The G protein-coupled receptor FFAR2 promotes internalization during influenza A virus entry","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.11.5190-5197.2000","article-title":"Involvement of the mannose receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus","volume":"74","author":"Reading","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118258","article-title":"Sangbaipi decoction exerted in vitro and in vivo anti-influenza effect through inhibiting viral proteins","volume":"331","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119787","article-title":"Lan-Qin oral liquid alleviates influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury by regulating monocyte-derived macrophages and TLR4-PI3K-Akt-NF-kappaB signal pathways","volume":"347","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02282-x","article-title":"A novel film spray containing curcumin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus infection and enhances mucosal immunity","volume":"21","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155058","article-title":"Inhibition of influenza a virus infection by natural stilbene piceatannol targeting virus hemagglutinin","volume":"120","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00531","article-title":"A small-molecule compound has anti-influenza a virus activity by acting as a 'Pb2 inhibitor'","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharmaceut"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21995","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates pulmonary inflammation in mice with influenza viral pneumonia by inhibiting Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"83","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156704","article-title":"Atractylenolide-III binds non-structural protein-1 to suppress influenza a by modulating macrophage polarization and alternative polyadenylation","volume":"141","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120866","article-title":"The leaves of Canarium album (Lour.) Dc. suppresses influenza a virus replication and inflammation through modulation of Pi3K-Akt pathway","volume":"357","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.07.001","article-title":"Vitisin B inhibits influenza a virus replication by multi-targeting neuraminidase and virus-induced oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.043","article-title":"Isocorilagin, isolated from Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch, as a potent neuraminidase inhibitor against influenza a virus","volume":"523","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28790","article-title":"Baicalin inhibits influenza a (H1N1)-induced pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells via caspase-3\/Gsdme pathway","volume":"95","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.531","article-title":"Pyrogallol protects against influenza a virus-triggered lethal lung injury by activating the Nrf2-Ppar-gamma-Ho-1 signaling axis","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medcomm"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041160","article-title":"Vunakizumab-Il22, a novel fusion protein, promotes intestinal epithelial repair and protects against gut injury induced by the influenza virus","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-019-00670-6","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"97","author":"Labella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Clinics North America"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.011","article-title":"Vaccination and antigenic drift in influenza","volume":"26","author":"Boni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.038","article-title":"Global influenza vaccination rates and factors associated with influenza vaccination","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1111886","article-title":"Improvement influenza vaccine immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp0900648","article-title":"Global transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza","volume":"360","author":"Moscona","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.174","article-title":"Peramivir for the treatment of influenza","volume":"10","author":"Shetty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.038","article-title":"Development of adjuvant nanocarrier systems for seasonal influenza a (H3N2) vaccine based on astragaloside VII and gum tragacanth (Aps)","volume":"37","author":"Yakubo\u011fullar\u0131","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0np00005a","article-title":"Anti-influenza agents from plants and traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00433-4","article-title":"Influenza a virus (H1N1) infection induces glycolysis to facilitate viral replication","volume":"36","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.07.008","article-title":"Synergistic activity of baicalein with ribavirin against influenza a (H1N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119091","article-title":"Synergistic effects of Lianhuaqingwen in combination with oseltamivir and baloxavir against seasonal influenza virus: in vitro and in vivo assessment","volume":"338","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.06.002","article-title":"Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir","volume":"16","author":"Haidari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1657829","article-title":"Natural products alleviate viral pneumonia by modulating inflammatory and oxidative-stress pathways","volume":"16","author":"Tie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120572","article-title":"Delayed administration of Jiuwei Qianghuo decoction combined with Zhuye Shigao decoction mitigates the severity of influenza a virus infection by inhibiting cell death and alleviating the subsequent cytokine storm response","volume":"355","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120318","article-title":"Fufang Shuanghua oral liquid alleviates influenza a virus-infected acute lung injury by restoring antiviral immunity partially via Tnf-mediated Ifn\/Nlrp3-inflammasome signaling","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000041060","article-title":"Network meta-analysis on 4 types of traditional Chinese medicine injections in the treatment of senile severe pneumonia","volume":"103","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113888","article-title":"Efficacy and safety assessment of severe Covid-19 patients with Chinese medicine: a retrospective case series study at early stage of the Covid-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China","volume":"277","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102213","article-title":"Houttuynia cordata triggers type I interferon signaling to promote host defense against Acinetobacter baumannii infection via mTORC1 activation","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2025.116973","article-title":"Investigation of the material basis and mechanism of Qingfei Paidu granules in treating Lps-induced acute pneumonia using Uplc-Q-Tof-Ms\/Ms, network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification","volume":"264","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm BioMed Anal"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.70068","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates Lps-induced Wi-38 cell inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis via targeting Mettl14 in infantile pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5851-25","article-title":"Therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Kampo medicines in the management of mild Covid-19 through gut microbiota modulation","volume":"65","author":"Chiba","year":"2026","journal-title":"Internal Med (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114220","article-title":"Positive effects of Lianhuaqingwen granules in Covid-19 patients: a retrospective study of 248 cases","volume":"278","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B87","article-title":"Clinical observation of effect of Jiawei Yupingfeng mixture for prevention and treatment of 100 children with repeated respiratory tract infection","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi = Chin J Integrat Tradit Western Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110500","article-title":"Clinical retrospective study on the efficacy of Qingfei Paidu decoction combined with Western medicine for Covid-19 treatment","volume":"129","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.10.002","article-title":"Effects of Tanreqing capsule on the negative conversion time of nucleic acid in patients with Covid-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1634442","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the mitigating action of Maxing Shigan decoction in acute lung injury caused by influenza virus based on Uplc-Hrms analysis and network pharmacology","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03074-4","article-title":"The effects of the Xijiao Dihuang decoction combined with Yinqiao powder on miRNA-mRNA profiles in mice infected with influenza a virus","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117972","article-title":"Combining nanobody generation platform, 3D-printed microfluidic chip, and smartphone detection system for monitoring emerging virus-caused diseases","volume":"290","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178533","article-title":"Machine learning integration of bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data reveals cathepsin B as a central panoptosis regulator in influenza","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105101","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on treating influenza in adult patients with Chinese patent medicines","volume":"160","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764099\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:31:53Z","timestamp":1777959113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764099\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"article-number":"1764099"}}