{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:18:33Z","timestamp":1788322713666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is regarded as one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to conventional treatments. Although Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been considered to be a revolutionary treatment for B-cell malignancies, its efficacy against solid tumors, including PDAC, has been limited. Nevertheless, after numerous tests pre-clinically and clinically, the acceptance of the first New Drug Application (NDA) for a CAR-T therapy in a solid tumor has sparked considerable hope and interest, which could further accelerate the field. Unlocking the full potential of CAR-T in PDAC requires overcoming significant hurdles, primarily the lack of ideal tumor-specific antigens and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the shared expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) across diverse solid tumors, this review analyzes promising solid tumor targets to identify candidates with high translational viability for PDAC. We summarize the latest clinical progress of CAR-T cell therapy, highlight emerging therapeutic targets, and explore innovative engineering strategies for developing potent, multi-targeted CAR constructs that are advancing toward future clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1775800807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CAR-T cell therapy for pancreatic cancer: Translating emerging targets and dual-targeting strategies from solid tumors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shijun","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, The People\u2019s Hospital of Lincang, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University","place":["Lincang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengcai","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Education, The People\u2019s Hospital of Lincang, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University","place":["Lincang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beier","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Endoscopic Instruments and Technology Development, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Quzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Endoscopic Instruments and Technology Development, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Quzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Endoscopic Instruments and Technology Development, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Quzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runzhe","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Endoscopic Instruments and Technology Development, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Quzhou, China"]},{"name":"Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University","place":["Clayton, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13027","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: a review","volume":"326","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216859","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapy: challenges and opportunities","volume":"591","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70162","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: pathogenesis and clinical studies","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0076-6","article-title":"A model for RAS mutation patterns in cancers: finding the sweet spot","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013902","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1013902","article-title":"KRAS G12D targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer: has the fortress been conquered","volume":"12","author":"Bannoura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00958-3","article-title":"Molecular alterations and targeted therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14102453","article-title":"BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer: from discovery to novel treatment paradigms","volume":"14","author":"Devico Marciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-021-09983-1","article-title":"Targeting DNA damage repair pathways in pancreas cancer","volume":"40","author":"Crowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00746-1","article-title":"Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"Springfeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pcm.2023.2","article-title":"Treatment of pancreatic cancer in 2022","volume":"1","author":"Casolino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Camb Prism Precis Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.0017","article-title":"Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"19","author":"Tempero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386699","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1386699","article-title":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: the latest on diagnosis, molecular profiling, and systemic treatments","volume":"14","author":"Bugazia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01366-1","article-title":"NALIRIFOX versus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in treatment-naive patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (NAPOLI 3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Wainberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.01604","article-title":"Overall survival results from the POLO trial: a phase III study of active maintenance olaparib versus placebo for germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"40","author":"Kindler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02465-7","article-title":"Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the randomized, phase 3 GLOW trial","volume":"29","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00920","article-title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy in previously treated inoperable\/metastatic hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer: primary results from TROPION-Breast01","volume":"43","author":"Bardia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102106","article-title":"AK112, a novel PD-1\/VEGF bispecific antibody, in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): an open-label, multicenter, phase II trial","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08508-4","article-title":"RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8(+) T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"639","author":"Sethna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01407-6","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287459","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1287459","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment is a major therapeutic barrier and target","volume":"15","author":"Hartupee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.23.00092","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden in real-world patients with pancreatic cancer: genomic alterations and predictive value for immune checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness","volume":"7","author":"Quintanilha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00840-w","article-title":"Therapeutic developments in pancreatic cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.03.033","article-title":"High tumor mutational burden (TMB) identifies a microsatellite stable pancreatic cancer subset with prolonged survival and strong anti-tumor immunity","volume":"169","author":"Karamitopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70086","article-title":"Adoptive T-cell therapies in the clinic","author":"Shaha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering Trans Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352805","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352805","article-title":"Adoptive T cell therapy for solid tumors: current landscape and future challenges","volume":"15","author":"Albarran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.00612","article-title":"Lifileucel, a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, in metastatic melanoma","volume":"39","author":"Sarnaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00319-2","article-title":"Afamitresgene autoleucel for advanced synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (SPEARHEAD-1): an international, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"403","author":"D'Angelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115688","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: from the shop to cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Uscanga-Palomeque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16015","DOI":"10.1038\/mto.2016.15","article-title":"Clinical manufacturing of CAR T cells: foundation of a promising therapy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02446-2","article-title":"Beyond the blood: expanding CAR T cell therapy to solid tumors","volume":"43","author":"Uslu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40115-1","article-title":"Antigen-dependent IL-12 signaling in CAR T cells promotes regional to systemic disease targeting","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166028","article-title":"IL-18-secreting CAR T cells targeting DLL3 are highly effective in small cell lung cancer models","volume":"133","author":"Jaspers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00749-x","article-title":"Phase I study of CAR-T cells with PD-1 and TCR disruption in mesothelin-positive solid tumors","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sterner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.247","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells derived from defined CD8+ and CD4+ subsets confer superior antitumor reactivity in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Sommermeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.014","article-title":"Tumor-reactive T cell clonotype dynamics underlying clinical response to TIL therapy in melanoma","volume":"57","author":"Chiffelle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.08.002","article-title":"Immune correlates and mechanisms of TIL therapy efficacy: current insights and knowledge gaps","volume":"11","author":"Navarro Rodrigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2024.07.009","article-title":"CD4(+) T cells in antitumor immunity","volume":"10","author":"Montauti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-2044","article-title":"The role of CD4(+) CAR T cells in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Bove","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-1276","article-title":"A novel autologous CAR-T therapy, YTB323, with preserved T-cell stemness shows enhanced CAR T-cell efficacy in preclinical and early clinical development","volume":"13","author":"Dickinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2408771","article-title":"Enhanced CAR T-cell therapy for lymphoma after previous failure","volume":"392","author":"Svoboda","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk1900","article-title":"T(STEM)-like CAR-T cells exhibit improved persistence and tumor control compared with conventional CAR-T cells in preclinical models","volume":"15","author":"Meyran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07242-1","article-title":"FOXO1 enhances CAR T cell stemness, metabolic fitness and efficacy","volume":"629","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.7.953","article-title":"Migratory properties of naive, effector, and memory CD8(+) T cells","volume":"194","author":"Weninger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.09.004","article-title":"Structural design of engineered costimulation determines tumor rejection kinetics and persistence of CAR T cells","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813101106","article-title":"Control of large, established tumor xenografts with genetically retargeted human T cells containing CD28 and CD137 domains","volume":"106","author":"Carpenito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00832-4","article-title":"CAR T cell therapy for patients with solid tumours: key lessons to learn and unlearn","volume":"21","author":"Albelda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00903-0","article-title":"Current understanding and management of CAR T cell-associated toxicities","volume":"21","author":"Brudno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303935","article-title":"Lymphodepletion - an essential but undervalued part of the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy cycle","volume":"14","author":"Lickefett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.148","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy - assessment and management of toxicities","volume":"15","author":"Neelapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01075-1","article-title":"Optimizing CAR T cell therapy for solid tumours: a clinical perspective","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.70069","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in solid tumors","volume":"131","author":"Synnott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.24","article-title":"Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.01.012","article-title":"The high efficacy of claudin18.2-targeted CAR-T cell therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer with an antibody-dependent safety strategy","volume":"33","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03697-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of antigen-dependent resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies","volume":"25","author":"Nasiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0297-y","article-title":"Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy","volume":"17","author":"Rafiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00373-7","article-title":"Current advances and challenges in CAR T-Cell therapy for solid tumors: tumor-associated antigens and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00704-3","article-title":"Overcoming on-target, off-tumour toxicity of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumours","volume":"20","author":"Flugel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01800-8","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03037-z","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: phase 1 trial final results","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)00860-8","article-title":"Claudin-18 isoform 2-specific CAR T-cell therapy (satri-cel) versus treatment of physician\u2019s choice for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (CT041-ST-01): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"405","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.23.02314","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of CT041 in patients with refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis of two early-phase trials","volume":"42","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2026.44.2_suppl.398","article-title":"Phase I trial of efficacy and safety of IMC002, a VHH-based anti-CLDN18.2 CAR-T therapy, for gastroesophageal cancers","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001097","article-title":"HITM-SURE: Hepatic immunotherapy for metastases phase Ib anti-CEA CAR-T study utilizing pressure enabled drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-019-0104-z","article-title":"HITM-SIR: phase Ib trial of intraarterial chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and selective internal radiation therapy for CEA(+) liver metastases","volume":"27","author":"Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.3514","article-title":"Phase I trial of hypoxia-responsive CEA CAR-T cell therapy in patients with heavily pretreated solid tumor via intraperitoneal or intravenous transfusion","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8517\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.8517","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive CEA CAR-T cells therapy for relapsed or refractory non-small cell lung cancer: A single-arm, open-label, phase I trial","volume":"43","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-026-01124-3","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive CEA-targeted CAR T cells in CEA-positive solid tumors through intraperitoneal or intravenous infusion: a phase 1 trial","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.07.015","article-title":"Phase I study of lentiviral-transduced chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells recognizing mesothelin in advanced solid cancers","volume":"27","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-21-0407","article-title":"A phase I trial of regional mesothelin-targeted CAR T-cell therapy in patients with Malignant pleural disease, in combination with the anti-PD-1 agent pembrolizumab","volume":"11","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.06.006","article-title":"Two cases of severe pulmonary toxicity from highly active mesothelin-directed CAR T cells","volume":"31","author":"Haas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102301","article-title":"Clinical and molecular dissection of CAR T cell resistance in pancreatic cancer","volume":"6","author":"Aznar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.2534","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of non-viral aPD1-MSLN JL-lightning\u2013CAR-T in advanced Malignant mesothelioma in a phase I trial","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.3891","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting CD19 and GCC in metastatic colorectal cancer: A nonrandomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.3559","article-title":"Novel GUCY2C targeting CAR-T therapy: Efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.2518","article-title":"Phase I study of GUCY2C CAR-T therapy IM96 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8588(22)00041-7","article-title":"A phase 1 dose-escalation study of GCC19CART: A novel CAR T-cell therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Schlechter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04017-x","article-title":"CAR T cells equipped with a fully human scFv targeting Trop2 can be used to treat pancreatic cancer","volume":"148","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0440-4","article-title":"Phase I study of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells in treating HER2-positive advanced biliary tract cancers and pancreatic cancers","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00749-6","article-title":"Autologous HER2-specific CAR T cells after lymphodepletion for advanced sarcoma: a phase 1 trial","volume":"5","author":"Hegde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-17-0432","article-title":"Phase I study of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in patients with EGFR-positive advanced biliary tract cancers","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PS5","DOI":"10.1158\/1557-3265.sabcs25-ps5-08-03","article-title":"Abstract PS5-08-03: Denali-1: a seamless phase 1\/2 study of A2B395, a logic-gated, allogeneic, Tmod chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy, in patients with triple-negative breast cancer and other EGFR-expressing solid tumors with HLA-A*02 loss of heterozygosity (LOH)","volume":"32","author":"Specht","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-sitc2025.0585","article-title":"585 DENALI-1: a seamless phase 1\/2 study of A2B395, a logic-gated, allogeneic, Tmod CAR T therapy, in patients with EGFR-expressing solid tumors with human leukocyte antigen-A*02 loss of heterozygosity","volume":"13","author":"Punekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.08.014","article-title":"Preclinical development and a phase 1 trial of IMC001, an EpCAM-targeted CAR-T cell therapy, in patients with advanced gastric cancer","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0222-9","article-title":"Safety, tumor trafficking and immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells specific for TAG-72 in colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Hege","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02268","article-title":"Effective targeting of TAG72(+) peritoneal ovarian tumors via regional delivery of CAR-engineered T cells","volume":"9","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53220-6","article-title":"PSCA-targeted BPX-601 CAR T cells with pharmacological activation by rimiducid in metastatic pancreatic and prostate cancer: a phase 1 dose escalation trial","volume":"15","author":"Stein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02979-8","article-title":"PSCA-CAR T cell therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1 trial","volume":"30","author":"Dorff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03745-0","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL-13Ralpha2 in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1 trial","volume":"31","author":"Bagley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae126","article-title":"IL-13Ralpha2\/TGF-beta bispecific CAR-T cells counter TGF-beta-mediated immune suppression and potentiate anti-tumor responses in glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e14513","article-title":"Phase I experience with first in class TnMUC1 targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cells in patients with advanced TnMUC1 positive solid tumors","volume":"39","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.1089","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of MUC1-targeted CAR-T cells with PD-1-knockout in the treatment of advanced breast cancer","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00344-7","article-title":"Potent suppression of neuroendocrine tumors and gastrointestinal cancers by CDH17CAR T cells without toxicity to normal tissues","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2025.43.4_suppl.tps844","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 study to evaluate CHM-2101, an autologous cadherin 17 (CDH17) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"43","author":"Eads","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102400","article-title":"ROR2-specific CAR T cells are effective against hematologic and solid tumors and well tolerated in mice","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2034-7","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of first-generation carcinoembryonic antigen (CEACAM5)-specific CAR T cells is limited by poor persistence and transient pre-conditioning-dependent respiratory toxicity","volume":"66","author":"Thistlethwaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2018.1440169","article-title":"CD133-directed CAR T cells for advanced metastasis Malignancies: A phase I trial","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2020.1846926","article-title":"Efficacy and biomarker analysis of CD133-directed CAR T cells in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase II trial","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101138","article-title":"Targeting CD276 by CAR-T cells induces regression of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma in xenograft mouse models","volume":"14","author":"Xuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.2018","article-title":"A phase 1 study of B7H3 CAR-T cells administered intracranially in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01128-9","article-title":"IL-7 and CCL19-secreting CAR-T cell therapy for tumors with positive glypican-3 or mesothelin","volume":"14","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-3259","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-Glypican-3 T-cell therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of phase I trials","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.4019","article-title":"Phase I study of C-CAR031, a GPC3-specific TGF\u03b2RIIDN armored autologous CAR-T, in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.01.011","article-title":"Construction of CAR-T cells targeting TM4SF1 and its anti-tumor capacity in ovarian cancer","volume":"255","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v501","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz253.052","article-title":"1226P - A phase I clinical trial of Malignant pleural mesothelioma treated with locally delivered autologous anti-FAP-targeted CAR T-cells","volume":"30","author":"Curioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245742","article-title":"Claudin18.2 in advanced gastric cancer","volume":"15","author":"Inamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01491-9","article-title":"CT041 CAR T cell therapy for Claudin18.2-positive metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1325860","article-title":"Complete remission of advanced pancreatic cancer induced by claudin18.2-targeted CAR-T cell therapy: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000004148","article-title":"Role of serum carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) level in localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma: CEA level before operation is a significant prognostic indicator in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgical resection: A retrospective analysis","volume":"275","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-23-1038","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive CAR-T cells exhibit reduced exhaustion and enhanced efficacy in solid tumors","volume":"84","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-15-0583","article-title":"Mesothelin-targeted CARs: Driving T cells to solid tumors","volume":"6","author":"Morello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2021.1876518","article-title":"GUCY2C as a biomarker to target precision therapies for patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Lisby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-16-0362","article-title":"Human GUCY2C-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells eliminate colorectal cancer metastases","volume":"6","author":"Magee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030645","article-title":"Targeting tumor glycans for cancer therapy: Successes, limitations, and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Berois","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49422","article-title":"First clinical study of a pegylated diabody (124)I-labeled PEG-AVP0458 in patients with tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 positive cancers","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2025.200962","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of DGKalpha\/zeta improves the anti-tumor activities of TAG-72 CAR-T cells in ovarian cancer","volume":"33","author":"Evtimov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.01.002","article-title":"Engineered CAR-T cells targeting TAG-72 and CD47 in ovarian cancer","volume":"20","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10571","article-title":"Engineering T cell receptor fusion proteins using nonviral CRISPR\/Cas9 genome editing for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000173459.81193.4d","article-title":"Prostate stem cell antigen is a putative target for immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"31","author":"Wente","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2013.209","article-title":"A novel chimeric antigen receptor against prostate stem cell antigen mediates tumor destruction in a humanized mouse model of pancreatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Abate-Daga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011890","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of PSCA CAR-engineered Vdelta1 gammadelta T cells for immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8588(22)00041-7","article-title":"Tissue cadherin 17 (CDH17): An important prognostic determinant of colorectal cancer using digital image analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102213","article-title":"Overcoming multidrug resistance in gastrointestinal cancers with a CDH17-targeted ADC conjugated to a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr1928","article-title":"Systemic delivery of cadherin 17-specific CAR T cells allows effective and safe targeting of colorectal cancer liver metastases","volume":"17","author":"Greco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116191","article-title":"Integrative genomic identification of therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010110","article-title":"Three members of transmembrane-4-superfamily, TM4SF1, TM4SF4, and TM4SF5, as emerging anticancer molecular targets against cancer phenotypes and chemoresistance","volume":"16","author":"Rahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031621-024600","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance","volume":"18","author":"Sherman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01308-9","article-title":"Targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP): Advances in CAR-T cell, antibody, and vaccine in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Shahvali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Delivery Transl Res"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02869-3","article-title":"The alphavbeta6 integrin specific virotherapy, Ad5(NULL)-A20.FCU1, selectively delivers potent \u201cin-tumour\u201d chemotherapy to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"131","author":"Badder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-22-0817","article-title":"SGN-B6A: A new Vedotin antibody-drug conjugate directed to integrin beta-6 for multiple carcinoma indications","volume":"22","author":"Lyon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.09.018","article-title":"Targeting of aberrant alphavbeta6 integrin expression in solid tumors using chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells","volume":"25","author":"Whilding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050674","article-title":"CAR T-cells targeting the integrin alphavbeta6 and co-expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR2 demonstrate enhanced homing and efficacy against several solid Malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Whilding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5320","article-title":"The integrin alphavbeta6 drives pancreatic cancer through diverse mechanisms and represents an effective target for therapy","volume":"249","author":"Reader","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536012117709384","article-title":"Perspective of alphavbeta6-integrin imaging for clinical management of pancreatic carcinoma and its precursor lesions","volume":"16","author":"Steiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515135518821623","article-title":"Cancer stem cell mobilization and therapeutic targeting of the 5T4 oncofetal antigen","volume":"7","author":"Harrop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-24-0052","article-title":"Targeting tumor antigen 5T4 using CAR T cells for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"24","author":"Harrop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B139","volume-title":"Using Organotypic Tumour Slices to Optimise 5t4 Car-T Cell Therapy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","author":"Evans","year":"2025"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-16-0825","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of MEDI0641, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine-conjugated antibody-drug conjugate targeting 5T4","volume":"16","author":"Harper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54545-9","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA): An integrative analysis of a novel therapeutic target","volume":"9","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.02.013","article-title":"CEACAM7 expression contributes to early events of pancreatic cancer","volume":"55","author":"Dhasmana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5615","article-title":"The emerging roles of CEACAM6 in human cancer (Review)","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2545","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 6 as potential therapy target for pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"218","author":"Strickland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03602-4","article-title":"New CEACAM-targeting 2A3 single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptor T-cells produce anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo","volume":"73","author":"Jancewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-2163","article-title":"CEACAM7 is an effective target for CAR T-cell therapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14581","article-title":"Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer","volume":"523","author":"Melo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1064","article-title":"Elevated glypican-1 expression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2012.08.001","article-title":"GPC-1 may serve as a predictor of perineural invasion and a prognosticator of survival in pancreatic cancer","volume":"36","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.49392","article-title":"GPC1 specific CAR-T cells eradicate established solid tumor without adverse effects and synergize with anti-PD-1 Ab","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37616-4","article-title":"The IgG4 hinge with CD28 transmembrane domain improves V(H)H-based CAR T cells targeting a membrane-distal epitope of GPC1 in pancreatic cancer","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14331","article-title":"Epithelial V-like antigen 1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis via the ERBB-PI3K-AKT pathway","volume":"111","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009825","article-title":"Development and optimization of Eva1 (MPZL2) targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"13","author":"Osaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.71321\/75r4yp80","article-title":"Deciphering the multifaceted significance of MPZL2 in pancreatic cancer via in-depth bioinformatics analyses","volume":"1","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Conflux"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204310","article-title":"A comprehensive review of pancreatic cancer and its therapeutic challenges","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.05.006","article-title":"Mutant KRAS peptide targeted CAR-T cells engineered for cancer therapy","volume":"43","author":"Benton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.53588","article-title":"KRAS mutation status and treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Norton","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03876-4","article-title":"Lymph node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial final results","author":"Wainberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42010-1","article-title":"KRAS G12V neoantigen specific T cell receptor for adoptive T cell therapy against tumors","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-023-00140-7","article-title":"The next-generation CAR-T therapy landscape","volume":"22","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.4030","article-title":"Tandem CAR-T cells targeting CLDN18.2 and NKG2DL for treatment of gastric cancer","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.08.1514","article-title":"945P A phase I trial of KD-496, a CLDN18.2\/NKG2D dual targeting CAR-T, in patients with gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"36","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.06.007","article-title":"Blocking CD30 on T cells by a dual specific CAR for CD30 and colon cancer antigens improves the CAR T cell response against CD30(-) tumors","volume":"27","author":"Hombach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-22-0254","article-title":"AXL inhibition improves the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"11","author":"Sakemura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003826","article-title":"Mesothelin-specific CAR-T cell therapy that incorporates an HLA-gated safety mechanism selectively kills tumor cells","volume":"10","author":"Tokatlian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040\u2013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.3040","article-title":"EVEREST-2: Initial data of the logic-gated Tmod chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy A2B694 for patients with solid tumors associated with mesothelin (MSLN) expression and with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loss of heterozygosity (LOH)","volume":"43","author":"Punekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04080-z","article-title":"FAP-targeted CAR-T suppresses MDSCs recruitment to improve the antitumor efficacy of claudin18.2-targeted CAR-T against pancreatic cancer","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16505","article-title":"Dual targeting chimeric antigen receptor cells enhance antitumour activity by overcoming T cell exhaustion in pancreatic cancer","volume":"181","author":"Ruixin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2024.200817","article-title":"Bispecific CAR-T cells targeting FAP and GPC3 have the potential to treat hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-23-3841","article-title":"Mesothelin CAR T cells secreting anti-FAP\/anti-CD3 molecules efficiently target pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its stroma","volume":"30","author":"Wehrli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00621-y","article-title":"Mesothelin-targeted CAR-T cells secreting NKG2D-BiTEs exhibit potent efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Saliu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05174-y","article-title":"Mesothelin-based CAR-T cells exhibit potent antitumor activity against ovarian cancer","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012822","article-title":"Tandem CAR-T cells targeting mesothelin and MUC16 overcome tumor heterogeneity by targeting one antigen at a time","volume":"13","author":"Salas-Benito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-21-0062","article-title":"Bispecific CAR T cells against epCAM and inducible ICAM-1 overcome antigen heterogeneity and generate superior antitumor responses","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1302354","article-title":"Targeting colorectal cancer cells using AND-gated adaptor RevCAR T-cells","volume":"14","author":"Soto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61858-z","article-title":"On-target off-tumor toxicity of claudin18.2-directed CAR-T cells in preclinical models","volume":"16","author":"Birocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01337","article-title":"Recent findings in the regulation of programmed death ligand 1 expression","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02520-z","article-title":"Critical role of PD-L1 expression on non-tumor cells rather than on tumor cells for effective anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in a transplantable mouse hematopoietic tumor model","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez-Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2024.200891","article-title":"Solid cancer-directed CAR T cell therapy that attacks both tumor and immunosuppressive cells via targeting PD-L1","volume":"32","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mog2.68","article-title":"Targets of tumor microenvironment for potential drug development","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm \u2013 Oncol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008261","article-title":"Armored TGFbetaRIIDN ROR1-CAR T cells reject solid tumors and resist suppression by constitutively-expressed and treatment-induced TGFbeta1","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.05.003","article-title":"Dominant-negative TGF-beta receptor enhances PSMA-targeted human CAR T cell proliferation and augments prostate cancer eradication","volume":"26","author":"Kloss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.s519616","article-title":"Current advances and challenges in CAR-T therapy for hematological and solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-23-0101","article-title":"Programming CAR T cell tumor recognition: tuned antigen sensing and logic gating","volume":"13","author":"Hamieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05778-2","article-title":"Co-opting signalling molecules enables logic-gated control of CAR T cells","volume":"615","author":"Tousley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01561-6","article-title":"Current and future immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer treatment","volume":"17","author":"Farhangnia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006454","article-title":"High tumor mutational burden predicts favorable response to anti-PD-(L)1 therapy in patients with solid tumor: a real-world pan-tumor analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535047","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.11.648482","article-title":"Concordance of claudin-18.2 expression in biopsy, resection, and recurrent specimens: implications for zolbetuximab therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","author":"Kyuno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/ofer8642","article-title":"Comparative immunohistochemical expression of TROP2 in brain metastatic and primary tumors","volume":"15","author":"Sung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102923","article-title":"Impact of loss of HER2 positivity following neoadjuvant therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer patients on long-term prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Nakatani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.03.001","article-title":"CAR-T therapy and targeted treatments: Emerging combination strategies in solid tumors","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr5861","article-title":"Mitigating T cell DNA damage during PARP inhibitor treatment enhances antitumor efficacy","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adu6989","article-title":"Sequential treatment with PARPi and WEE1i enhances antitumor immune responses in preclinical models of ovarian cancer","volume":"17","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764452\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:00:09Z","timestamp":1775800809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764452\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":193,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1764452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"article-number":"1764452"}}