{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:06:44Z","timestamp":1793873204466,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) family was first defined as an innate antiviral defense system, but the APOBEC3 subfamily (APOBEC3s) is now recognized as a major endogenous source of somatic mutagenesis in cancer. APOBEC3s enzymes, particularly APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, generate characteristic mutation patterns that promote genomic instability, clonal evolution, and adaptation to therapy. Beyond driving tumor evolution, APOBEC3 activity reshapes antitumor immunity in solid cancers. APOBEC3-induced mutations increase tumor mutational burden and create neoantigens that can enhance CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell infiltration and interferon signaling. However, sustained APOBEC activation may also reinforce immunosuppressive circuits: through chronic inflammation and PD-1\/PD-L1\u2013interferon signaling, tumors can induce T-cell dysfunction, immune escape, and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. This functional ambivalence has sparked debate over whether APOBEC3s should be inhibited to limit genomic instability, leveraged to enhance tumor immunogenicity, or modulated dynamically in a context-dependent manner. This review outlines the immune landscape and biochemical characteristics of the APOBEC3 family and situates these features within broader cancer-related disease contexts. APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis is discussed as a mechanistic link between genomic instability and tumor\u2013immune crosstalk in solid tumors, with emphasis on its relationships to immunoediting, immune checkpoint pathways, and therapeutic responses. Context-dependent associations of APOBEC3 activity with immune activation or immune evasion are also considered, together with their implications for strategies that modulate this pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1770792680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reprogramming tumor immunity through APOBEC3s-mediated mutagenesis: from genome instability to immune checkpoint interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qiaoxi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanduo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, and National Health Commission, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.13.3569","article-title":"Characterization of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme: no similarity to the proposed mechanism of RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa","volume":"19","author":"Greeve","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids 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