{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:14:08Z","timestamp":1789222448883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a skin disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, for which no licensed human vaccine exists. Protective immunity is largely T cell\u2013mediated and depends on antigen presentation by MHC molecules, yet the naturally presented epitopes during human disease remain poorly defined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this gap, we performed mass spectrometry\u2013based immunopeptidomics on lesional biopsies from 27 Ethiopian CL patients spanning the full clinical spectrum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We newly identified 333 MHC-I and 247 MHC-II epitopes from 398\n                      <jats:italic>L. aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                      proteins, including 19 peptides and 51 antigens recurrently presented across patients of which several were also epitope-rich. Some peptides were also detected during early infection in a\n                      <jats:italic>L. aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013infected THP-1 monocyte model, highlighting their relevance from disease onset. Notably, despite the broad predictive coverage of NetMHCpan and NetMHCIIpan, these tools missed 20\u201370% of the naturally presented epitopes while predicting millions of candidates, underscoring the limitations of prediction-only vaccine pipelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This first comprehensive map of the\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunopeptidome in human disease reveals conserved and prevalent antigens that can inform rational vaccine design and deepen our understanding of protective T cell responses in leishmaniasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:32Z","timestamp":1771569692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunopeptidomics of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients reveals the natural antigenic landscape"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicky","family":"de Vrij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Pepermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research","place":["Mol, Belgium"]},{"name":"ImmuneSpec","place":["Niel, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Laurijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao-Thy","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Thijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmuneSpec","place":["Niel, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Boonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research","place":["Mol, Belgium"]},{"name":"ImmuneSpec","place":["Niel, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadrie","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yetemwork","family":"Aleka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekibib","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mezgebu Silamsaw","family":"Asres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikias","family":"Woldetensay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seid","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boru Meda Hospital","place":["Dessie, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fentaw","family":"Bialfew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boru Meda Hospital","place":["Dessie, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feleke","family":"Tilahun Zewdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boru Meda Hospital","place":["Dessie, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seid Getahun","family":"Abdela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boru Meda Hospital","place":["Dessie, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata Anna","family":"Domagalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Cuypers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"van Henten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Meysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Baggerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"name":"Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research","place":["Mol, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Laukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Adriaensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.12.009","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania aethiopica","volume":"6","author":"van Henten","year":"2018","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01398-2","article-title":"From dogma to data: charting a path forward for clinico-immunological research in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Pham","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040156","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial vaccines: assumptions, approaches, and annulments","volume":"7","author":"Zutshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040431","article-title":"The history of live attenuated centrin gene-deleted leishmania vaccine candidates","volume":"11","author":"Volpedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: immune responses in protection and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0475-7","article-title":"CD8+ T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"37","author":"Novais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00480","article-title":"Deception and manipulation: the arms of leishmania, a successful parasite","volume":"5","author":"Cec\u00edlio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00270-25","article-title":"Intralysosomal pathogens differentially influence the proteolytic potential of their niche","author":"Bird","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.1701764","article-title":"Epitope binding characteristics for risk versus protective DRB1 alleles for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"200","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310ra167","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5477","article-title":"Identification of broadly conserved cross-species protective Leishmania antigen and its responding CD4+ T cells","volume":"7","author":"Mou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/VACCINES9030270","article-title":"HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with lower leishmaniasis susceptibility share common amino acid polymorphisms and epitope binding repertoires","volume":"9","author":"de Vrij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00327","article-title":"Combination of in silico methods in the search for potential CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in the proteome of Leishmania Braziliensis","volume":"7","author":"de Freitas E Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008093","article-title":"Design of multi-epitope peptides containing HLA class-I and class-II-restricted epitopes derived from immunogenic Leishmania proteins, and evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects","volume":"14","author":"Hamrouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JPROTEOME.9B00874\/SUPPL_FILE\/PR9B00874_SI_001.PDF","article-title":"Improved prediction of MHC II antigen presentation through integration and motif deconvolution of mass spectrometry MHC eluted ligand data","volume":"19","author":"Reynisson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0289-6","article-title":"Robust prediction of HLA class II epitopes by deep motif deconvolution of immunopeptidomes","volume":"37","author":"Racle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj6367","article-title":"Accurate prediction of HLA class II antigen presentation across all loci using tailored data acquisition and refined machine learning","volume":"9","author":"Nilsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33721-y","article-title":"Immunopeptidomics-based design of mRNA vaccine formulations against Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"13","author":"Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adw9184","article-title":"Immunopeptidomics can inform the design of mRNA vaccines for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MHC class II antigens","volume":"17","author":"Leddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84070","article-title":"Immunopeptidomics reveals determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen presentation on MHC class I","volume":"12","author":"Leddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Immunoproteomics - chapter 16","volume-title":"Immunoproteomics - methods and protocols","author":"Pepermans","year":"2026"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp851","article-title":"TriTrypDB: a functional genomic resource for the Trypanosomatidae","volume":"38","author":"Aslett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835454","article-title":"Accurate MHC motif deconvolution of immunopeptidomics data reveals a significant contribution of DRB3, 4 and 5 to the total DR immunopeptidome","volume":"13","author":"Kaabinejadian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100141","article-title":"clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830191209","article-title":"Universally immunogenic T cell epitopes: promiscuous binding to human MHC class II and promiscuous recognition by T cells","volume":"19","author":"Panina-Bordignon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000405","article-title":"Molecular determinants of T cell epitope recognition to the common timothy grass allergen","volume":"185","author":"Oseroff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200850","article-title":"T cell responses to known allergen proteins are differently polarized and account for a variable fraction of total response to allergen extracts","volume":"189","author":"Oseroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.8.2663","article-title":"On the interaction of promiscuous antigenic peptides with different DR alleles. Identification of common structural motifs","volume":"147","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00288","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of T-cell epitopes derived from potential th1 stimulatory proteins of leishmania (Leishmania) donovani","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.08.004","article-title":"Induction of protective cellular immune responses against experimental visceral leishmaniasis mediated by dendritic cells pulsed with the N-terminal domain of Leishmania infantum elongation factor-2 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"103","author":"Agallou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102081","article-title":"Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein of Leishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12 Response in Cured Leishmania -Infected Patients\/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters against Leishmania Challenge","volume":"187","author":"Kushawaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108556","article-title":"Th1 Stimulatory Proteins of Leishmania donovani: Comparative Cellular and Protective Responses of rTriose Phosphate Isomerase, rProtein Disulfide Isomerase and rElongation Factor-2 in Combination with rHSP70 against Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.498","article-title":"Identification and characterization of T cell-stimulating antigens from leishmania by CD4 T cell expression cloning","volume":"166","author":"Probst","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01253.x","article-title":"Cocktail of gp63 and Hsp70 induces protection against Leishmania donovani in BALB\/c mice","volume":"33","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007880","article-title":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of single antigen gp63, polytope and polytopeHSP70 DNA vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis in experimental mouse model","volume":"4","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.7018-7021.2005","article-title":"Identification of new antigens in visceral leishmaniasis by expression cloning and immunoblotting with sera of kala-azar patients from bihar, India","volume":"73","author":"Theinert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-59","article-title":"Mitigating an undesirable immune response of inherent susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniosis in a mouse model: the role of the pathoantigenic HISA70 DNA vaccine","volume":"43","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Bernal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.111","article-title":"A large-scale field randomized trial demonstrates safety and efficacy of the vaccine LetiFend\u00ae against canine leishmaniosis","volume":"36","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Cotrina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.02.018","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells pulsed with Leishmania infantum nucleosomal histones confers protection against cutaneous leishmaniosis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"9","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.04.015","article-title":"Vaccination with a plasmid DNA cocktail encoding the nucleosomal histones of Leishmania confers protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniosis","volume":"22","author":"Iborra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.426","article-title":"Antibody responses of visceral leishmaniasis patients to gp63, a major surface glycoprotein of leishmania species","volume":"167","author":"Shrefller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00072","article-title":"Impact of Leishmania metalloprotease GP63 on macrophage signaling","volume":"2","author":"Isnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.10.008","article-title":"The major surface protease (MSP or GP63) in the intracellular amastigote stage of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"157","author":"Hsiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1990043","article-title":"Overcoming roadblocks in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis","volume":"20","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00467","article-title":"Post-genomics and vaccine improvement for leishmania","volume":"7","author":"Seyed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21905","article-title":"Exploring the dynamic landscape of immunopeptidomics: Unravelling posttranslational modifications and navigating bioinformatics terrain","volume":"44","author":"Flender","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300336","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202300336","article-title":"Machine learning-based peptide-spectrum match rescoring opens up the immunopeptidome","volume":"24","author":"Adams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103850","article-title":"Combined assessment of MHC binding and antigen abundance improves T cell epitope predictions","volume":"25","author":"Ko\u015falo\u011flu-Yal\u00e7\u0131n","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830261249","article-title":"Leishmania -infected macrophages sequester endogenously synthesized parasite antigens from presentation to CD4 + T cells","volume":"26","author":"Kima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103953","article-title":"Identification of HLA-I restricted epitopes in six vaccine candidates of Leishmania tropica using immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation approaches","volume":"75","author":"Akya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection Genet Evol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2704-2715.2003","article-title":"Amastigote load and cell surface phenotype of infected cells from lesions and lymph nodes of susceptible and resistant mice infected with","volume":"71","author":"Muraille","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leishmania major. Infect Immun"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v17i4.11284","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of leishmania mexicana infection on MHC-I expression in bone marrow derived dendritic cells","volume":"17","author":"Rezvan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.1823","article-title":"Defective ribosomal products (DRiPs): a major source of antigenic peptides for MHC class I molecules","volume":"157","author":"Yewdell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03146-9","article-title":"Safety and reactogenicity of a controlled human infection model of sand fly-transmitted cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"30","author":"Parkash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765843\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:34Z","timestamp":1771569694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765843\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1765843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"article-number":"1765843"}}