{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:54:50Z","timestamp":1776318890701,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), psoriasis (PsO), and atopic dermatitis (AD) have unique disease pathogenesis and distinct pathology, despite sharing some immunological pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the transcriptomic differences between HS, PsO, and AD lesions, which drive these unique pathogenic features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on 19 healthy controls (HC), 15 HS, 21 PsO, and 15 AD lesional skin samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PsO lesions were defined by a strong interleukin (IL)-17 signature, and AD lesions had increased T helper (Th2) signaling. HS lesions had a more heterogeneous inflammatory profile involving TNF, IL-17, B cells, and NLR signaling. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified T-cell signaling and epidermal development as important characteristics of PsO lesions, while HS lesions were defined by complement activation, B-cell signaling, and fibroblast-associated pathways consistent with potential scarring in HS. Finally, gene expression analysis identified increased expression of B-cell-, plasma cell-, and immunoglobulin-associated genes in HS lesions relative to HC skin, PsO, and AD lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that HS pathogenesis is more heterogeneous than AD or PsO and highlight an important role of B and plasma cells in HS inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:24:50Z","timestamp":1776317090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unique B- and plasma cell signature differentiates hidradenitis suppurativa from psoriasis and atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Conor M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roisin","family":"Hambly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"The Charles Centre, Department of Dermatology, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solene","family":"Gatault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Iglesias-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Lynam-Loane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivashini","family":"Kirthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Kolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"The Charles Centre, Department of Dermatology, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16101","article-title":"Population-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink study using algorithm modelling to identify the true burden of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"178","author":"Ingram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701213","article-title":"Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of Th1 and Th17 T cells","volume":"128","author":"Lowes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.05.033","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa Is Characterized by Dysregulation of the Th17:Treg Cell Axis, Which Is Corrected by Anti-TNF Therapy","volume":"137","author":"Moran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.012","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis displays stable and dynamic skin transcriptome signatures","volume":"147","author":"M\u00f6bus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.049","article-title":"Early pediatric atopic dermatitis shows only a cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) TH2\/TH1 cell imbalance, whereas adults acquire CLA(+) TH22\/TC22 cell subsets","volume":"136","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.12.051","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa and atopic dermatitis: A 2-way association","volume":"85","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10254.x","article-title":"Elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-10 in hidradenitis suppurativa skin: a rationale for targeting TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2","volume":"164","author":"van der Zee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504370","article-title":"Two Phase 3 Trials of Adalimumab for Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"375","author":"Kimball","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14075","article-title":"Dysregulated cytokine expression in lesional and nonlesional skin in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"173","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.07.010","article-title":"Expression of the IL-23\/Th17 pathway in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"65","author":"Schlapbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314258","article-title":"Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis--results of two phase 3 trials","volume":"371","author":"Langley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00022-3","article-title":"Secukinumab in moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (SUNSHINE and SUNRISE): week 16 and week 52 results of two identical, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 trials","volume":"401","author":"Kimball","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2905","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Bimekizumab in Moderate to Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Phase 2, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"157","author":"Glatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102383","article-title":"Bimekizumab versus Secukinumab in Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"385","author":"Reich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00101-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bimekizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (BE HEARD I and BE HEARD II): two 48-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 3 trials","volume":"403","author":"Kimball","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.007","article-title":"The effect of subcutaneous brodalumab on clinical disease activity in hidradenitis suppurativa: An open-label cohort study","volume":"83","author":"Frew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19478","article-title":"Weekly administration of brodalumab in hidradenitis suppurativa: an open-label cohort study","volume":"184","author":"Frew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31773-8","article-title":"Guselkumab versus secukinumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis (ECLIPSE): results from a phase 3, randomised controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Reich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.012","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics suggest distinct upstream drivers of IL-17A\/F in hidradenitis versus psoriasis","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.07.035","article-title":"The inflammatory proteome of hidradenitis suppurativa skin is more expansive than that of psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"86","author":"Navrazhina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac007","article-title":"B-cell and complement signature in severe hidradenitis suppurativa that does not respond to adalimumab","volume":"188","author":"Hambly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00858","article-title":"pathfindR: an R package for comprehensive identification of enriched pathways in omics data through active subnetworks","volume":"10","author":"Ulgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.240663.118","article-title":"Benchmark and integration of resources for the estimation of human transcription factor activities","volume":"29","author":"Garcia-Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","article-title":"WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis","volume":"9","author":"Langfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1349-1","article-title":"xCell: digitally portraying the tissue cellular heterogeneity landscape","volume":"18","author":"Aran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(91)90013-4","article-title":"Biology of the RANTES\/SIS cytokine family","volume":"3","author":"Schall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139932","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa and response to anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy","volume":"5","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139930","article-title":"Contribution of plasma cells and B cells to hidradenitis suppurativa pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad274","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomic profiling reveals the pathophysiology of early-stage hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"189","author":"Suh-Yun Joh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00401-y","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Concurrent Psoriasis: Comparison of Epidemiology, Comorbidity Profiles, and Risk Factors","volume":"10","author":"Pinter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.169870","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures sustain cutaneous B cell activity in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"9","author":"Lowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14144","article-title":"Successful treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with rituximab for a patient with idiopathic carpotarsal osteolysis and chronic active antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"45","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.034","article-title":"Neutrophilic granulocyte-derived B-cell activating factor supports B cells in skin lesions in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"151","author":"Sabat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.010","article-title":"Skin immune-mesenchymal interplay within tertiary lymphoid structures promotes autoimmune pathogenesis in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768249\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:24:51Z","timestamp":1776317091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768249\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768249","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"article-number":"1768249"}}