{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:36:20Z","timestamp":1786365380437,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a clinical challenge due to its high recurrence, metastatic potential, and limited responsiveness to current immunotherapies. Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) plays a pivotal yet paradoxical role, functioning as both an anti-tumor effector and a tumor-promoting factor depending on its cellular origin. This review proposes that the function of CXCL9 is not intrinsic but dictated by the interplay among its cellular source, microenvironmental context, and receptor-expressing cells. We delineate how this tripartite crosstalk influences immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) outcomes through mechanisms such as T-cell suppression, regulatory T cells recruitment, and PD-L1 upregulation. Myeloid cell-derived CXCL9 generally mediates anti-tumor immunity by recruiting cytotoxic lymphocytes, whereas CXCL9 produced by stromal cells like cancer-associated fibroblasts often contributes to metastasis and immune evasion. Given this complexity and unique immunosuppressive and fibrotic properties of OSCC, we argue that simply augmenting or blocking CXCL9 is insufficient. Instead, overcoming ICB resistance in OSCC requires a precision strategy focused on targeting cell-specific CXCL9 signaling. Ultimately, dissecting and therapeutically navigating the source-specific CXCL9 network is essential to transform the OSCC TME and improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:50:25Z","timestamp":1770879025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting cellular source-specific CXCL9 signaling for immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan) of Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan) of Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan) of Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Clinical College of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819867354","article-title":"Role of oral microbiome signatures in\u00a0diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer","volume":"18","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.11.016","article-title":"Survival analysis and risk factors for recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma: does surgical salvage affect outcome","volume":"68","author":"Sklenicka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30127-X","article-title":"Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: A pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.01.04","article-title":"Chinese society of clinical oncology (Csco) diagnosis and treatment guidelines for head and neck cancer 2018 (English version)","volume":"31","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res = Chung-kuo Yen Cheng Yen Chiu"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_334_19","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an insight into molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"24","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33352","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma: challenges and opportunities","volume":"148","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12254","article-title":"Angiogenesis-related prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma-role of the vegf +936 C\/T polymorphism","volume":"44","author":"K\u00e4mmerer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS11077","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma development and metastasis: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"3","author":"Shivamallappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-2585","article-title":"Circfndc3b accelerates vasculature formation and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12403","article-title":"Role of oral microbiome in oral oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa062","article-title":"Oral microbial dysbiosis and its performance in predicting oral cancer","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235944","article-title":"Long non-coding rna (Lncrna) in oral squamous cell carcinoma: biological function and clinical application","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.01.003","article-title":"Lncrna ifitm4p promotes immune escape by up-regulating pd-L1 via dual mechanism in oral carcinogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-06054-6","article-title":"Mechanism of tumour microenvironment in the progression and development of oral cancer","volume":"48","author":"Mughees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107753","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer","volume":"221","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00151.2022","article-title":"Physiology of chemokines in the cancer microenvironment","volume":"324","author":"Drouillard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00635-w","article-title":"How chemokines organize the tumour microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Mempel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.934","article-title":"Cxcl9: evidence and contradictions for its role in tumor progression","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060613","article-title":"The distinct roles of cxcr3 variants and their ligands in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Reynders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12293","article-title":"Cxcr3 deficiency enhances tumor progression by promoting macrophage M2 polarization in a murine breast cancer model","volume":"143","author":"Oghumu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.032","article-title":"Cxcl10\/cxcr3 signaling mobilized-regulatory T cells promote liver tumor recurrence after transplantation","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.5994","article-title":"Induction of cathepsin B by the cxcr3 chemokines cxcl9 and cxcl10 in human breast cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Bronger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021897","article-title":"An alternatively spliced variant of cxcr3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by ip-10, mig, and I-tac, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4","volume":"197","author":"Lasagni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.063","article-title":"Cxcr3-B expression correlates with tumor necrosis extension in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"181","author":"Gacci","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-3229-7","article-title":"Divergent roles of cxcr3 isoforms in promoting cancer stem-like cell survival and metastasis","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107873","article-title":"Baseline frequency of inflammatory cxcl9-expressing tumor-associated macrophages predicts response to avelumab treatment","volume":"32","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013341","article-title":"Macrophage-derived cxcl9 and cxcl11, T-cell skin homing, and disease control in mogamulizumab-treated ctcl patients","volume":"139","author":"de Masson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.820065","article-title":"The chemokines initiating and maintaining immune hot phenotype are prognostic in icb of hnscc","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.06.003","article-title":"Cxcr3 Expression in Regulatory T cells Drives Interactions with Type I Dendritic Cells in Tumors to Restrict Cd8(+) T cell Antitumor Immunity","volume":"56","author":"Moreno Ayala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15188-x","article-title":"Metastasis-initiating cells induce and exploit a fibroblast niche to fuel Malignant colonization of the lungs","volume":"11","author":"Pein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.010","article-title":"Intratumoral activity of the cxcr3 chemokine system is required for the efficacy of anti-pd-1 therapy","volume":"50","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.05.004","article-title":"Cooperation between constitutive and inducible chemokines enables T cell engraftment and immune attack in solid tumors","volume":"35","author":"Dangaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1868","article-title":"Macrophage-derived cxcl9 and cxcl10 are required for antitumor immune responses following immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"26","author":"House","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02564-2","article-title":"Cyclin G2 in macrophages triggers ctl-mediated antitumor immunity and antiangiogenesis via interferon-gamma","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000778","article-title":"M1(Hot) tumor-associated macrophages boost tissue-resident memory T cells infiltration and survival in human lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Garrido-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.011","article-title":"Blocking cd47 promotes antitumour immunity through cd103(+) dendritic cell-nk cell axis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16371","article-title":"Cxcl9 and cxcl13 shape endometrial cancer immune-activated microenvironment via tertiary lymphoid structure formation","volume":"116","author":"Nagase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000599","article-title":"Heterodimeric il-15 delays tumor growth and promotes intratumoral ctl and dendritic cell accumulation by a cytokine network involving xcl1, ifn-\u0393, cxcl9 and cxcl10","volume":"8","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-08-0485","article-title":"Cxcr3 expression is associated with poor survival in breast cancer and promotes metastasis in a murine model","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20092","article-title":"Ssecks\/akap12 scaffolding functions suppress B16f10-induced peritoneal metastasis by attenuating cxcl9\/10 secretion by resident fibroblasts","volume":"8","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606056","article-title":"Cxcl9 induces chemotaxis, chemorepulsion and endothelial barrier disruption through cxcr3-mediated activation of melanoma cells","volume":"104","author":"Amatschek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-020-00396-3","article-title":"Cxcl9 secreted by tumor-associated dendritic cells up-regulates pd-L1 expression in bladder cancer cells by activating the cxcr3 signaling","volume":"22","author":"Xiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2144669","article-title":"Chemokine switch regulated by tgf-B1 in cancer-associated fibroblast subsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Vienot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.013","article-title":"Snapshot: cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"181","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1485174","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00249-w","article-title":"Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011851","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011851","article-title":"Mapping immune activity in hpv-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A spatial multiomics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zwing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-3239","article-title":"Lsd1 inhibition induces mhc-I and dendritic cell activation to promote antitumor immunity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI157649","article-title":"Tdo2+ Myofibroblasts mediate immune suppression in Malignant transformation of squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"132","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-1448","article-title":"Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveal a cancer-associated fibroblast subset in hnscc that restricts infiltration and antitumor activity of cd8+ T cells","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.70019","article-title":"Tumor cells-derived fgf-2 promotes lymphangiogenesis as a prognostic marker in oscc","volume":"54","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00264-13","article-title":"Suppression of T-cell chemokines by porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"81","author":"Jauregui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313498","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate T cell trafficking into human colorectal cancer","volume":"67","author":"Cremonesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00710-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation enhanced the effect of chemoimmunotherapy by restoring intestinal microbiota in llc tumor-bearing mice","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-00963-9","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis promotes cxcl9 secretion of tumor-associated macrophages and enhances cd8(+)T cell activity to trigger anti-tumor immunity against anti-pd-1 treatment in non-small cell lung cancer mice","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaa230","article-title":"Current status of pd-1\/pd-L1 blockade immunotherapy in breast cancer","volume":"51","author":"Noguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1259","article-title":"The mechanism of anti-pd-L1 antibody efficacy against pd-L1-negative tumors identifies nk cells expressing pd-L1 as a cytolytic effector","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104258","article-title":"Understanding and overcoming the resistance of cancer to pd-1\/pd-L1 blockade","volume":"145","author":"Shergold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2021.1964699","article-title":"The effects of pd-1\/pd-L1 checkpoint inhibitors on recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A critical review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00163","article-title":"Turning \u201cCold\u201d into \u201cHot\u201d Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers","volume":"9","author":"Sevenich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160801","article-title":"Pd-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for immune evasion in immunogenic tumors and inhibits cd8 T cell cytotoxicity","volume":"214","author":"Juneja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104613","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004034","article-title":"Checkpoint blockade-induced cd8+ T cell differentiation in head and neck cancer responders","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14816","article-title":"Cd4(+) and cd8(+) T cells in sentinel nodes exhibit distinct pattern of pd-1, cd69, and hla-dr expression compared to tumor tissue in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Piersiala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153758","article-title":"The effect of curcumin on multi-level immune checkpoint blockade and T cell dysfunction in head and neck cancer","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of pd-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02321-w","article-title":"Neutrophil membrane-coated circular\u00a0rna nanoparticles for targeted immunotherapy in her2-positive breast cancer\u00a0brain metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314203","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202314203","article-title":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49989-1","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus delivered cxcl9 sensitizes glioblastoma to anti-pd-1 immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"15","author":"von Roemeling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101479","article-title":"Cxcl9\/10-engineered dendritic cells promote T cell activation and enhance immune checkpoint blockade for lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114579","article-title":"Ncoa3 impairs the efficacy of anti-pd-L1 therapy via hsp90\u03b1\/ezh2\/cxcl9 axis in colon cancer","volume":"155","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66485-2","article-title":"Targeting fibroblast derived thrombospondin 2 disrupts an immune-exclusionary environment at the tumor front in colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Iwane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012269","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012269","article-title":"Enhanced antitumor immunity of vnp20009-ccl2-cxcl9 via the cgas\/sting axis in osteosarcoma lung metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15520","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of th1-type chemokines shapes tumour immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"527","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.019","article-title":"The inhibitory receptor tim-3 limits activation of the cgas-sting pathway in intra-tumoral dendritic cells by suppressing extracellular DNA uptake","volume":"54","author":"de Mingo Pulido","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768606\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:50:26Z","timestamp":1770879026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768606\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"article-number":"1768606"}}