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We further summarise translational progress in targeted therapies. We delineate core pathological networks shared across these conditions, highlight convergent mechanisms, and provide a mechanistic rationale for the clinical activity of agents such as tofacitinib and abatacept across multiple autoimmune settings. These insights support the feasibility of mechanism-informed, cross-disease targeting\u2014deploying shared pathway interventions across distinct clinical entities. Finally, we discuss current technical and interpretative challenges and outline future directions for mechanistic discovery, target prioritisation and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1768719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:46:34Z","timestamp":1773297994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insights into the pathogenesis of rheumatic and immune diseases from single-cell omics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical 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