{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:14:36Z","timestamp":1780474476162,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JH2\/101300092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JH2\/101300092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiation-induced intestinal injury denotes structural and functional impairment of the intestines resulting directly or indirectly from ionizing radiation, such as that employed in radiation therapy for malignant tumors in the abdominal or pelvic regions, within the treatment area. It is a prevalent and severe consequence of radiation therapy for abdominal and pelvic tumors, greatly affecting treatment outcomes and patients\u2019 quality of life. Western medicine primarily employs symptomatic management, including medical drug therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, nutritional support therapy, endoscopic and surgical interventions, as well as stem cell transplantation. However, current therapeutic agents for RIII fall far short of achieving ideal outcomes. Previous studies indicate that blueberry anthocyanins (BA) possess not only anticancer properties but also potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-radiation activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy male C57BL\/6J mice (6\u20138 weeks old) were categorized into five groups: a normal control group (Con), an irradiation-only group (IR), groups administered low-dose BA prior to and following irradiation (IR+BA-L, 100 mg\/kg bw), a high-dose BA group (IR+BA-H, 200 mg\/kg bw), and a group receiving the clinical radiation protection agent amphotericin (IR+WR-2721, 30 mg\/kg bw). Furthermore, a group for antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion and a validation group for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were established. A model of radiation-induced intestinal damage was created utilizing a single 14 Gy dose of abdominal X-ray irradiation. The irradiation field encompassed a 2.5\u00a0cm by 20\u00a0cm region extending from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process. BA was supplied through oral gavage from 14 days prior to irradiation until 3.5 days post-irradiation at a dose of 0.2 mL\/day per mouse, whereas the normal control group received saline via gavage for 14 consecutive days. Tissue samples were obtained 3.5 days post-irradiation. Through the assessment of survival rates, body mass, intestinal histopathology, inflammatory cytokine concentrations (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), oxidative stress indicators (SOD, MDA), and intestinal barrier proteins (occludin, claudin-1), alongside immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferative cell marker Ki67 and the Paneth cell marker lysozyme, the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells will be evaluated. Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing was executed on colonic contents, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis was undertaken on colonic tissue to assess alterations in gut microbiota and host metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mice treated with BA intervention exhibited significant alleviation of intestinal injury, manifested as reduced weight loss, increased survival rate, markedly elongated colon length, substantially mitigated intestinal damage, and elevated histological scores. Concurrently, BA therapy downregulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6, while decreasing elevated SOD content and MDA levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that BA intervention significantly increased Ki67\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      proliferating cells and Lysozyme\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Paneth cells in the crypt region of the colon. Western blot analysis demonstrated that BA upregulated the levels of intestinal tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that BA improved gut microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Metabolomic analysis revealed altered metabolic patterns in mouse colon tissue following both radiation exposure and BA intervention. BA restored levels of 53 potential biomarkers. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) validated BA\u2019s protective effect against RIII via the gut microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study show that blueberry anthocyanin (BA) exerts significant protective effects against radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII). It ameliorates RIII by modulating gut microbiota composition and associated metabolites. FMT experiments further validate that BA\u2019s protective action depends on gut microbiota regulation. The findings suggest that BA, as a gut microbiota-modulating agent, holds promise for preventing and treating RIII.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:59:41Z","timestamp":1780473581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanism of blueberry anthocyanins in ameliorating radiation-induced intestinal injury through gut microbiota modulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aijing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"School of Health & Intelligent Technology, Zhengzhou Health College","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200095","article-title":"Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging advances in the 21st century","volume":"93","author":"Vaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1332438","article-title":"A review of radiation countermeasures focusing on injury-specific medicinals and regulatory approval status: part I. Radiation sub-syndromes, animal models and FDA-approved countermeasures","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0286-y","article-title":"Radiation: a poly-traumatic hit leading to multi-organ injury","volume":"9","author":"Kiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e3281108014","article-title":"Radiation damage to the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management","volume":"1","author":"Hauer-Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn441530-20230816-00050","article-title":"radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis: pathological assessment and pharmacological prevention","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848251347347","article-title":"Radiation-induced injury and the gut microbiota: insights from a microbial perspective","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00918-4","article-title":"N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine protects against irradiation-induced damage to hematopoiesis and intestines","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892010293722240522071042","article-title":"Synthetic and natural radioprotective agents: recent status and their underlying mechanism of action","volume":"26","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Bio\/Technol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1687421","article-title":"Anthocyanins: from plant pigments to health benefits at mitochondrial level","volume":"60","author":"Bendokas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173809","article-title":"Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Mattioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Basel Switz"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104864","article-title":"Structure and function of blueberry anthocyanins: a review of recent advances","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5389","article-title":"Radiation-induced tissue damage and response","volume":"250","author":"McBride","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114341","article-title":"Potential role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in radiation-induced intestinal damage","volume":"248","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy149","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)","volume":"66","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002339","article-title":"Encyclopedia of fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of effectiveness in the treatment of 85 diseases","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2528429","article-title":"Gut microbiota and radiation-induced injury: mechanistic insights and microbial therapies","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/04365ST04","article-title":"Improved extraction of PCR-quality community DNA from digesta and fecal samples","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.10.014","article-title":"Metabolite identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"30","author":"Prasad","year":"2011","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-22","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: current challenges and future landscapes","volume":"37","author":"Yadegar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03906","article-title":"Antibiotic alleviates radiation-induced intestinal injury by remodeling microbiota, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13409","article-title":"A comprehensive review of sensors of radiation-induced damage, radiation-induced proximal events, and cell death","volume":"329","author":"Saini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.725","article-title":"Mechanisms of radiation-induced tissue damage and response","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026","article-title":"Role of Bifidobacterium in modulating the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier: current knowledge and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Abdulqadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2389320","article-title":"Deciphering internal and external factors influencing intestinal junctional complexes","volume":"16","author":"Markovich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111637","article-title":"Fraxin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin 8-glucoside) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial injury in vitro and in vivo","volume":"129","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22074\/cellj.2015.485","article-title":"Lycopene as a carotenoid provides radioprotectant and antioxidant effects by quenching radiation-induced free radical singlet oxygen: an overview","volume":"16","author":"Pirayesh Islamian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.010","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic stem progenitor cell injury by regulating Foxo1 in mice","volume":"174","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.848107","article-title":"(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates the composition of the gut microbiota to protect against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.11.068","article-title":"Beyond digestion: exploring how the gut microbiota modulates human social behaviors","volume":"565","author":"Abavisani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1892441","article-title":"Mucin degrader Akkermansia muciniphila accelerates intestinal stem cell-mediated epithelial development","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7532","article-title":"The DNA-sensing AIM2 inflammasome controls radiation-induced cell death and tissue injury","volume":"354","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.319866","article-title":"Radiation-induced macrovessel\/microvessel disease","volume":"44","author":"Abe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2347722","article-title":"Microbiota-derived I3A protects the intestine against radiation injury by activating AhR\/IL-10\/Wnt signaling and enhancing the abundance of probiotics","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75225-3","article-title":"Metabolomic changes in preterminal serum samples of rhesus macaques exposed to two different lethal doses of total-body gamma-radiation","volume":"14","author":"Carpenter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-10048-8","article-title":"Metabolomics applications in natural cosmetics: addressing the new challenges of bio-sourced ingredients","volume":"24","author":"Ferrier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02247","article-title":"The gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments","volume":"12","author":"Hoogland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102496","article-title":"Dietary protocatechuic acid ameliorates ileal mucosal barrier injury and inflammatory response and improves intestinal microbiota composition in Yellow chickens challenged with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"102","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02754","article-title":"Immunomodulating activity and therapeutic effects of short chain fatty acids and tryptophan post-biotics in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00559-y","article-title":"Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host","volume":"19","author":"Tett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12749","article-title":"Effect of cinnamon essential oil on gut microbiota in the mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01267-9","article-title":"A case-control study on the association of intestinal flora with ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30594","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharide remodels colon inflammatory microenvironment and improves gut health","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00703-23","article-title":"Limitation of amino acid availability by bacterial populations during enhanced colitis in IBD mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Richie","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9949","article-title":"Microbiota-activated PPAR-\u03b3 signaling inhibits dysbiotic Enterobacteriaceae expansion","volume":"357","author":"Byndloss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875796","article-title":"Blautia-a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111292","article-title":"Adipocyte Angptl8 deletion improves glucose and energy metabolism and obesity associated inflammation in mice","volume":"27","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2023.112693","article-title":"Effect of electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation on water status and microstructure of fresh Hericium erinaceus by LF NMR, MRI, SEM and TEM","volume":"209","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol Technol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111682","article-title":"Fat of the gut: epithelial phospholipids in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"22","author":"Boldyreva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2023.08.005","article-title":"Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics reveals the potential mechanism of action of saikosaponin D against DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis","volume":"57","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem Lett"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153570","article-title":"Serum and colon metabolomics study reveals the anti-ulcerative colitis effect of Croton crassifolius Geisel","volume":"87","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int J Phytother Phytopharm"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117220","article-title":"Multi-omics revealed the mechanisms of Codonopsis pilosula aqueous extract in improving UC through blocking abnormal activation of PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"319","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202402941","article-title":"Unremodeled GPI-anchored proteins at the plasma membrane trigger aberrant endocytosis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.1.369","article-title":"Epithelial sorting of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored bacterial protein expressed in polarized renal MDCK and intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"108","author":"Soole","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:59:43Z","timestamp":1780473583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771482","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"1771482"}}