{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:47:21Z","timestamp":1781880441345,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease (DED) is increasingly prevalent among young individuals and often exhibits severe symptoms despite minimal structural damage, challenging the traditional structure\u2013inflammation paradigm. We propose the concept of ocular \u201csocial jetlag,\u201d defined as chronic circadian misalignment imposed by modern lifestyles, as a key upstream driver of meibomian gland dysfunction and contemporary DED. We integrate emerging evidence to suggest that social jetlag disrupts peripheral ocular clocks, triggering immune\u2013metabolic circadian reprogramming characterized by metabolic stress, loss of temporal immune gating, oxidative amplification, and inflammasome activation. This cascade precedes overt tissue damage and explains the mismatch between symptoms and structural findings. Viewing the ocular surface as a dynamic biosensor of systemic clock\u2013immune\u2013metabolism networks, we further highlight digital immune phenotyping and chronotherapeutic interventions as promising strategies for precision management. This framework reframes DED from a purely local disorder to a rhythm-driven systemic condition, opening new avenues for mechanism-based prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1771564865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular social jetlag: a driver of immune-metabolic dysfunction in dry eye disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040422","article-title":"Potential new target for dry eye disease\u2014Oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Bu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.01.001","article-title":"Impact of digital screen use and lifestyle factors on dry eye disease in the paediatric population","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.031","article-title":"Meibomian gland disease: the role of gland dysfunction in dry eye disease","volume":"124","author":"Chhadva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13505","article-title":"The prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms and its association with screen time in young adults aged 21-30\u2009years","volume":"45","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18467","article-title":"Functional and morphologic changes of meibomian glands in an asymptomatic adult population","volume":"57","author":"Yeotikar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.002","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pain and sensation report","volume":"15","author":"Belmonte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.10.002","article-title":"Why the symptoms and objective signs of dry eye disease may not correlate","volume":"14","author":"McMonnies","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Optometry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-322238","article-title":"Sex-related differences and hormonal effects in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.5.25","article-title":"Climatic and environmental correlates of dry eye disease severity: a report from the dry eye assessment and management (DREAM) study","volume":"9","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans Vision Sci Technol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070796","article-title":"Importance of circadian rhythms in the ocular surface","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.1.12","article-title":"Chronic jet lag disrupts circadian rhythms and induces hyperproliferation in murine lacrimal glands via ROS accumulation","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00851-2","article-title":"How can social jetlag affect health","volume":"19","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.10.014","article-title":"Association of chronotype, social jetlag, sleep duration and depressive symptoms in Chinese college students","volume":"320","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.010","article-title":"Social jetlag and risk of depression: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"323","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730416642657","article-title":"The retina and other light-sensitive ocular clocks","volume":"31","author":"Besharse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217111","article-title":"Altered ocular parameters from circadian clock gene disruptions","volume":"14","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"NTP Cancer Hazard Assessment Report on Night Shift Work and Light at Night","year":"2021"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S551300","article-title":"Associations of sleep duration and social jetlag with dry eye disease in chinese school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S378612","article-title":"The relationship between circadian typology and dry eye symptoms in chinese college students","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93057-7","article-title":"The linkage between chronotype, social jetlag, and responses to sleep inertia","volume":"15","author":"Hsiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.012","article-title":"Blue light phototoxicity toward human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in basal and hyperosmolar conditions","volume":"126","author":"Marek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117345","article-title":"The ROS\/AKT\/S6K axis induces corneal epithelial dysfunctions under LED blue light exposure","volume":"287","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology Environ Saf"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2025.2497330","article-title":"Blue light irradiation elicits senescence of corneal endothelial cells in vitro by provoking energy crisis, inflammasome assembly and DNA damage","volume":"50","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr eye Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1146916","article-title":"High-fat intake reshapes the circadian transcriptome profile and metabolism in murine meibomian glands","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.5.16","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis identified the circadian clock and global circadian gene expression in human corneal endothelial cells","volume":"63","author":"Nakai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.616802","article-title":"A sextuple knockout cell line system to study the differential roles of CRY, PER, and NR1D in the transcription-translation feedback loop of the circadian clock","volume":"14","author":"Chiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101119","article-title":"Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function","volume":"94","author":"Bhoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32326-9","article-title":"Rhythmic transcription of Bmal1 stabilizes the circadian timekeeping system in mammals","volume":"13","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.126364.2","article-title":"Circadian stabilization loop: the regulatory hub and therapeutic target promoting circadian resilience and physiological health","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/304451","article-title":"Co-existing feedback loops generate tissue-specific circadian rhythms","volume":"1","author":"Pett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.18","article-title":"Mechanisms of extraorbital lacrimal gland aging in mice: an integrative analysis of the temporal transcriptome","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.01010","article-title":"Expression profiles of circRNA and mRNA in lacrimal glands of AQP5\u2013\/\u2013 mice with primary dry eye","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Circadian clock regulates tear secretion in the lacrimal gland","volume":"59","author":"Vu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01178","article-title":"Tear lactoferrin and lysozyme as clinically relevant biomarkers of mucosal immune competence","volume":"10","author":"Hanstock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11048","article-title":"Regulation of circadian behavior and metabolism by rev-erb\u03b1 and rev-erb\u03b2","volume":"485","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147884","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the gene expression patterns and lipid profiles in the developing and maturing meibomian glands","volume":"23","author":"Butovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012162","article-title":"Role of omega-3 fatty acids as non-photic zeitgebers and circadian clock synchronizers","volume":"23","author":"Checa-Ros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21154","article-title":"Modulation of circadian rhythms affects corneal epithelium renewal and repair in mice","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01269-0","article-title":"Circadian disruption reduces MUC4 expression via the clock molecule BMAL1 during dry eye development","volume":"56","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.263814.120","article-title":"Post-transcriptional circadian regulation in macrophages organizes temporally distinct immunometabolic states","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.26","article-title":"Circadian regulation of IOP rhythm by dual pathways of glucocorticoids and the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Ikegami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa048","article-title":"Immune-enhancing effects of glucocorticoids in response to day-night cycles and stress","volume":"32","author":"Shimba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00039","article-title":"Feeding rhythms and the circadian regulation of metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Pickel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.001","article-title":"Light cycle phase advance as a model for jet lag reprograms the circadian rhythms of murine extraorbital lacrimal glands","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.19","article-title":"Sleep loss causes dysfunction in murine extraorbital lacrimal glands","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.08.009","article-title":"Downregulation of the core circadian gene Nr1d2 in the lacrimal gland contributes to postoperative dry eye disease by impairing lipid metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70076","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.70076","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates circadian disruption-associated dry eye via modulation of BMAL1-REV-ERB\u03b1-IL-17 axis and ocular surface microbiota homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03630-5","article-title":"Circadian disruption and ROS-NLRP3 signaling mediate sleep deprivation-enhanced silica nanoparticle toxicity in lacrimal glands","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.6.2","article-title":"Fosfenopril attenuates inflammatory response in diabetic dry eye models by inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"65","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S343236","article-title":"Melatonin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and P2X7R signaling in high-fat diet-induced murine NASH model","volume":"15","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.929230","article-title":"Can the cGAS-STING pathway play a role in the dry eye","volume":"13","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01624-z","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway-dependent sensing of mitochondrial DNA mediates ocular surface inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal transduction targeted Ther"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01554-5","article-title":"Dual deficiency of melatonin and dihydrotestosterone promotes stromal cell damage and mediates prostatitis via the cGAS-STING pathway in sleep-deprived mice","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signaling"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149853","article-title":"Identification of ferroptosis-related genes in dry eye disease and their effects on inflammatory response and immune infiltration","volume":"974","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.11.058","article-title":"BMAL1-mediated circadian\u2013ferroptosis crosstalk drives neuronal vulnerability after TBI","volume":"243","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.09.008","article-title":"BMAL1 deficiency provokes dry mouth and eyes by down-regulating ITPR2\/3","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.14.5","article-title":"Hypoxia alters corneal circadian rhythms and disrupts epithelial, neural, and immune balance","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00167-8","article-title":"Intracrine activity involving NAD-dependent circadian steroidogenic activity governs age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"2","author":"Sasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1905856","article-title":"Pathophysiology of meibomian glands\u2013an overview","volume":"29","author":"Dietrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.07.004","article-title":"Meibomian gland stem\/progenitor cells: The hunt for gland renewal","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ocular surface"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2205525","article-title":"Epigenetic activation of circadian clock genes elicits inflammation in experimental murine dry eye","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.40","article-title":"Corneal sensory nerve injury disrupts lacrimal gland function by altering circadian rhythms in mice","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.1.19","article-title":"Leptin receptor deficiency\u2013associated diabetes disrupts lacrimal gland circadian rhythms and contributes to dry eye syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14130994","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory response in aging disorders: the entanglement of redox modulation in different outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Chhunchha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.13.47","article-title":"Assessing the independent and combined effects of hyperosmolarity and inflammatory stress on human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S507631","article-title":"Analysis of sleep quality evaluation factors affecting dry eye syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03416-7","article-title":"Association between sleep quality and dry eye disease: a literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8040067","article-title":"Digital applications for videoterminal-associated dry eye disease","volume":"8","author":"Romeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vision (2411-5150)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054569","article-title":"Real-time blink detection as an indicator of computer vision syndrome in real-life settings: an exploratory study","volume":"20","author":"Lapa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14100483","article-title":"Tear-based ocular wearable biosensors for human health monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c03926","article-title":"Real-time and highly sensitive detection of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in tears using aptamer functionalized electrolyte-gated IGZO thin-film transistors","volume":"17","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Materials Interfaces"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105639","article-title":"Elevation of tear MMP-9 concentration as a biomarker of inflammation in ocular pathology by antibody microarray immunodetection assays","volume":"23","author":"de la Fuente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c00346","article-title":"Rare earth ion-induced functionalized fluorescent MOF hydrogel patches for monitoring lysozyme in tears","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analytical Chem"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00321-3","article-title":"An artificial intelligence-assisted microfluidic colorimetric wearable sensor system for monitoring of key tear biomarkers","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Flexible Electron"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2019.01178","article-title":"Lab on the eye: A review of tear-based wearable devices for medical use and health management","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioscience Trends"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051607","article-title":"and eye blinks rate estimation: A potential solution for telemonitoring and remote healthcare","volume":"21","author":"Ronca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Non-invasive, automatic, and real-time characterization of drowsiness based on eye closure dynamics","author":"Massoz","year":"2019"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13951","article-title":"Data integration and analysis for circadian medicine","volume":"237","author":"Baum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030327","article-title":"Wearables in chronomedicine and interpretation of circadian health","volume":"15","author":"Gubin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33069\/cim.2025.0011","article-title":"Wearable technology in circadian rhythm research: from monitoring to clinical insights","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chronobiology Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1445697","article-title":"Pupillometry and autonomic nervous system responses to cognitive load and false feedback: an unsupervised machine learning approach","volume":"18","author":"Alshanskaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c11e45","article-title":"Diurnal variation of visual function and the signs and symptoms of dry eye","volume":"29","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101705","article-title":"Diurnal variation on tear stability and correlation with tear cytokine concentration","volume":"45","author":"Arroyo-del Arroyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111832","article-title":"Chronobiology and chronotherapy in inflammatory joint diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ursini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05840-1","article-title":"Short-term results of a pulsed therapy with hydrocortisone eye drops to treat moderate to severe dry eye in primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome patients","volume":"261","author":"Menchini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040441","article-title":"The therapeutic trip of melatonin eye drops: from the ocular surface to the retina","volume":"17","author":"Rusciano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110367","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates high-fat-diet-induced dry eye by regulating macrophage polarization via IFT27 and lowering ERK\/JNK phosphorylation","volume":"27","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.51","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates age-related lacrimal gland dysfunction via SIRT-1\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.5.6","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in human meibomian gland epithelial cells via MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108491","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated injuries through induction of HO-1 and restores autophagic flux in dry eye","volume":"205","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S403337","article-title":"Suppression of NLRP3\/caspase-1\/GSDMD mediated corneal epithelium pyroptosis using melatonin-loaded liposomes to inhibit benzalkonium chloride-induced dry eye disease","volume":"18","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123483","article-title":"Contact lenses loaded with melatonin analogs: a promising therapeutic tool against dry eye disease","volume":"11","author":"Navarro-Gil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.0527.v1","article-title":"First clinical insights into melatonin use for dry eye in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","author":"Doko Mandi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"key":"B94","article-title":"The involvement of circadian rhythm gene REV-ERB\u03b1 in regulation of ocular inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1698-5","article-title":"The role of ROR\u03b1 in salivary gland lesions in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00899-0","article-title":"Light at night disrupts biological clocks, calendars, and immune function","volume":"44","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002216","article-title":"Sleep-light interventions that shift melatonin rhythms earlier improve perimenopausal and postmenopausal depression: preliminary findings","volume":"30","author":"Parry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14293","article-title":"Strategies to decrease social jetlag: Reducing evening blue light advances sleep and melatonin","volume":"51","author":"Zerbini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"White paper on dry eye-friendly technologies for lighting health","volume":"1","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Med Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1583502","article-title":"Circadian clocks and their role in kidney and eye diseases across organ systems","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.867624","article-title":"Intermittent fasting to the eye: A new dimension involved in physiological and pathological changes","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002500","article-title":"Using medical big data to develop personalized medicine for dry eye disease","volume":"39","author":"Inomata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.005","article-title":"A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits","volume":"22","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771774\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:21:08Z","timestamp":1771564868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771774\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771774","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"article-number":"1771774"}}