{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:57:06Z","timestamp":1781585826373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-term autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have proved to be effective at ameliorating the course of MS. DMTs are immunomodulatory drugs affecting immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and its vaccine efficacy in MS patients (pwMS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this longitudinal study, we analyzed T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood and the antigen (spike)-specific T cell response in pwMS patients undergoing interferon \u03b21-a (IFN) or ocrelizumab (OCRE), before and after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Blood was collected from pwMS treated with IFN and OCRE before and after the two vaccine doses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to measure T and B cell frequency, the expression of activation\/regulatory\/memory T cell markers and their spike-specific T cell response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B-cells were decreased in OCRE- compared to IFN- treated pwMS before and after vaccination. CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell responses and the immunological memory was comparable between the two groups. Th17 cells were increased after vaccination only in the OCRE-treated group. We detected a robust spike-specific T cell response, paralleled by a significant decrease of Treg frequency, in both pwMS groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although IFN and OCRE induced distinct immunological profile, both DMTs allowed to mount a vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immune response. This study also represents a model that could be applied to dissect the vaccine-elicited immune response in individuals undergoing treatment with different biological drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1773417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:29:45Z","timestamp":1781584185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple sclerosis patients under treatment with interferon \u03b21-a or ocrelizumab exhibit different T and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Liotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di ricerca in Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, (CoE)","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia Teresa","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Neuroimmunologia e Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale \u201cA.Cardarelli\u201d","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Lise","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di ricerca in Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, (CoE)","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Mazzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto degli Endotipi in Oncologia, Metabolismo e Immunologia \u201cG. 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