{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:21:41Z","timestamp":1772562101397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001840","name":"Icelandic Centre for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["228653-051, 206528-051, 184998-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["228653-051, 206528-051, 184998-051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a seasonal, IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis of horses caused by salivary gland proteins of biting midges (\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.). Current management relies on relief of clinical signs and on physical protection. In a previous pilot study, healthy horses were fed transgenic barley expressing a\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      allergen via a special spiral bit, which successfully induced allergen-specific antibody responses. Building on this concept, the present study aimed to evaluate a more practical feeding approach, delivering transgenic barley expressing the major\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      allergen Cul o 2p in a feed-compatible paste administered from buckets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve na\u00efve Icelandic horses were randomized into treatment (n=6) and control (n=6) groups. The treatment group received 11.44 g of the major\n                      <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      allergen Cul o 2p\/horse across three feeding phases. Serum and saliva were analyzed for Cul o 2p-specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG4\/7, IgG5, IgA, IgE) by ELISA. IgE-blocking capacity was assessed in pooled serum, and cytokine responses (IL-10, IL-4, IFN-\u03b3) measured after\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      re-stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four of six treated horses produced Cul o 2p-specific IgG1, IgG4\/7, and IgA in both serum and saliva. The induced antibodies could partly inhibit IgE binding. Elevated secretion of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 but no IL-4 secretion was observed in supernatants of re-stimulated PBMCs in treated horses compared to controls, reaching statistical significance for IFN-\u03b3. No Cul o 2p-specific IgE was detected, and no adverse clinical reactions occurred during treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The feed-based approach using transgenic barley paste induced Cul o 2p-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in na\u00efve horses, supporting its potential as a scalable and field-feasible platform for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in IBH. Clinical trials in IBH-affected horses are warranted to assess efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:48:45Z","timestamp":1770724125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel oral immunotherapy strategy using transgenic barley induces Culicoides allergen-specific immune responses in horses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fenja Johanna","family":"von der H\u00f6den","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur","place":["Reykjavik, Iceland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland","place":["Reykjavik, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Bj\u00f6rk","family":"Stefansdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur","place":["Reykjavik, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigurbj\u00f6rg","family":"Torsteinsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur","place":["Reykjavik, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilhjalmur","family":"Svansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur","place":["Reykjavik, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon Mar","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ORF Genetics","place":["K\u00f3pavogur, 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