{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:38:44Z","timestamp":1772779124777,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) affects 0.5%\u20132.5% of fertile couples and arises from complex, interacting thrombotic, immune, coagulation, endocrine\u2013metabolic, and demographic factors. However, current early risk stratification in routine practice remains insufficient for population-level screening. We aimed to develop an accurate, low-cost, and clinically feasible early screening model for identifying women at high risk of RSA using routinely available clinical biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study enrolled women attending Guangdong Reproductive Hospital between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2024. Among 1226 screened individuals, 285 met eligibility criteria and were included (181 RSA patients and 104 healthy controls). Demographic and laboratory variables were extracted from electronic medical records and structured follow-up. Ten classical machine-learning algorithms and a Transformer-based tabular model (TabPFN) were trained and compared. Class imbalance was handled using the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). Model robustness was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. Biological-domain contributions were quantified through ablation analysis. Feature selection was optimized using recursive feature elimination with random forest (RFE-RF), and interpretability was assessed via SHAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TabPFN Multidimensional model integrating features across six clinical domains achieved the best discriminative performance for RSA risk prediction (ROC\u2013AUC = 0.927, 95% CI 0.891\u20130.947), outperforming all comparator algorithms. Domain ablation showed that removing any single biological category reduced performance, supporting the complementary value of multidimensional clinical integration. Acquired thrombophilia markers provided the strongest predictive contribution, followed by hereditary thrombophilia, immune indices, coagulation parameters, endocrine\u2013metabolic variables, and demographic factors. A parsimonious six-biomarker model\u2014anti-phosphatidylserine\/prothrombin antibodies (aPS\/PT), protein C (PC), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antithrombin III (AT-III), thrombin time (TT), and body mass index (BMI)\u2014retained high discrimination (AUC = 0.925) with 83% accuracy, supporting a pragmatic and cost-effective screening strategy. SHAP analysis identified elevated aPS\/PT, ANA positivity, reduced AT-III activity, and prolonged TT as the most influential predictors, implicating thrombo-immune dysregulation as a central mechanism associated with RSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A Transformer-based tabular model using six routinely measured, low-cost biomarkers enable accurate, interpretable, and scalable early screening for RSA risk, with potential utility in resource-limited settings to facilitate timely referral and targeted preventive management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:30:57Z","timestamp":1772775057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multidimensional clinical prediction model for early screening of recurrent spontaneous abortion: integrating coagulation, immune, and endocrine markers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Genetics","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Reproductive Immunology of Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Genetics","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Reproductive Immunology of Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Genetics","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Reproductive Immunology of Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linsheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Genetics","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Reproductive Immunology of Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Genetics","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Reproductive Immunology of Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215040","article-title":"Special issue recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"10","author":"Christiansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"MDPI"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1755738019883326","article-title":"Recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"6","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(62)90198-9","article-title":"On the probability that a woman who has had a spontaneous abortion will abort in subsequent pregnancies","volume":"68","author":"Warburton","year":"1961","journal-title":"BJOG: Int J Obstet. 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