{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:27:11Z","timestamp":1791563231989,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dyslipidemia and obesity are key risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases and are also linked to osteoporosis and other bone disorders. Evidence shows lipid metabolism influences bone homeostasis largely through immune regulation. This review first explains how abnormal lipid metabolism disrupts adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and alters adipokines like leptin and adiponectin, upsetting bone formation and resorption and leading to bone loss. It then examines the lipid\u2013immune\u2013bone axis. In innate immunity, high lipid levels shift macrophages from M2 to pro-inflammatory M1, increase bone-resorbing cytokines such as TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and IL-1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and trigger neutrophil senescence and lipid peroxidation with excess reactive oxygen species, all of which promote osteoclast formation and suppress bone growth. In adaptive immunity, hyperlipidemia changes T-cell metabolism, weakens Treg function, and drives Th17 differentiation; this Th17\/Treg imbalance boosts osteoclasts via RANKL, IL-17, and related pathways. Meanwhile, in inflammation, B cells switch from producing OPG to releasing RANKL and G-CSF, while Breg-derived IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 protect bone. The review also highlights how M1 macrophages and Th17 cells work together to worsen bone damage. Understanding these immune mechanisms could lead to new treatments for metabolic bone diseases. Despite these advances, the translation of these preclinical findings into clinical practice remains a challenge that warrants further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:50:35Z","timestamp":1773211835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The impact of dyslipidemia on skeletal health - from an immunoregulatory perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Baisong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27141-7","article-title":"Epigenetic interaction between UTX and DNMT1 regulates diet-induced myogenic remodeling in brown fat","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32831bef8b","article-title":"The effect of dietary cholesterol on macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue: implications for systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Subramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.157685","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol worsens adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and atherosclerosis in obese LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"28","author":"Subramanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2287","article-title":"Stimulation of mast cells leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages in vitro by a mast cell granule-mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein","volume":"84","author":"Kokkonen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.04.006","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol is essential to mast cell activation and associated obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"1865","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038733","article-title":"Increased membrane cholesterol in lymphocytes diverts T-cells toward an inflammatory response","volume":"7","author":"Surls","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001516","article-title":"Macrophages take up VLDL-sized emulsion particles through caveolae-mediated endocytosis and excrete part of the internalized triglycerides as fatty acids","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15616\/BSL.2014.20.4.237","article-title":"Triglyceride up-regulates expression of ABCG1 in PMA-induced THP-1 macrophages through activation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Letters"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.101359","article-title":"Triglycerides and T cells in cardiovascular risk: inflammatory transcriptomic profile in hypertriglyceridemia patients\u2019 T cells","volume":"10","author":"Reilly","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00483","article-title":"Fatty acids, lipid mediators, and T-cell function","volume":"5","author":"de Jong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00932","article-title":"A metabolomics study on the bone protective effects of a lignan-rich fraction from sambucus williamsii ramulus in aged rats","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.10.018","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 agonists induce adipocyte differentiation by modulating the expression of Lipin-1, which acts as a PPAR\u03b3 phosphatase","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0442-3","article-title":"The PPAR-\u03b3 antagonist T007 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and counteracts OVX-induced bone loss in mice","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.634650","article-title":"Curcumin modulates the crosstalk between macrophages and bone mesenchymal stem cells to ameliorate osteogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02800-8","article-title":"Exendin-4 and eldecalcitol synergistically promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through M2 macrophages polarization via PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq237","article-title":"Arterial and aortic valve calcification inversely correlates with osteoporotic bone remodelling: a role for inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Hjortnaes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.23","article-title":"Association of bone turnover markers with glucose metabolism in Chinese population","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.1.146","article-title":"Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women","volume":"83","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2016.28.412-415","article-title":"Correlation of the lipid profile, BMI and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"28","author":"Bijelic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater Sociomed"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1628537","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition prevents glucocorticoid-increased adiposity via suppressing BAT whitening","volume":"16","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1734","article-title":"Peripheral leptin regulates bone formation","volume":"28","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750405","article-title":"Leptin directly regulates bone cell function in vitro and reduces bone fragility in vivo","volume":"175","author":"Cornish","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00110","article-title":"Hypothalamic leptin gene therapy reduces bone marrow adiposity in ob\/ob mice fed regular and high-fat diets","volume":"7","author":"Lindenmaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.02.001","article-title":"Central leptin gene therapy corrects skeletal abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob\/ob mice","volume":"28","author":"Iwaniec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.8.8346","article-title":"Leptin reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats","volume":"142","author":"Burguera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115404","article-title":"Two adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, independently predict osteoporotic fracture risk at different bone sites in postmenopausal women","volume":"137","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.45.26746","article-title":"A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes","volume":"270","author":"Scherer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0587","article-title":"cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1)","volume":"221","author":"Maeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.05.021","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates human osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation via the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"309","author":"Luo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060707","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00815","article-title":"Adiponectin deficiency triggers bone loss by up-regulation of osteoclastogenesis and down-regulation of osteoblastogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.07.162","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-\u03baB and p38 signaling pathways","volume":"503","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.009","article-title":"Adiponectin regulates bone mass via opposite central and peripheral mechanisms through FoxO1","volume":"17","author":"Kajimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-18","article-title":"Hyperadiponectinemia enhances bone formation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Mitsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/0806-RM-192","article-title":"Adiponectin is a negative regulator of bone mineral and bone strength in growing mice","volume":"233","author":"Ealey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-093","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of moderate insulin resistance in adiponectin-knockout mice","volume":"55","author":"Yano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505311200","article-title":"Mice lacking adiponectin show decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced responsiveness to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists","volume":"281","author":"Nawrocki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200251200","article-title":"Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation","volume":"277","author":"Kubota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12034","article-title":"Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"496","author":"Wynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8519-2","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and bone formation: A review","volume":"51","author":"Horwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6293740","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6293740","article-title":"Effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract on macrophage polarization from proinflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 state","volume":"2017","author":"Dugo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002809","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002809","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals antitumor characteristics of intratumoral immune cells in old mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.782475","article-title":"Expression of a rhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, p190RhoGEF, in mouse macrophages negatively affects M1 polarization and inflammatory responses","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00494-7","article-title":"Macrophage-mediated tissue response evoked by subchronic inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles is associated with the alteration of phospholipases C and cholesterol transporters","volume":"19","author":"Smutn\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648913","article-title":"Taurine antagonizes macrophages M1 polarization by mitophagy-glycolysis switch blockage via dragging SAM-PP2Ac transmethylation","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102404","article-title":"Inhibition of NLRP3-mediated crosstalk between hepatocytes and liver macrophages by geniposidic acid alleviates cholestatic liver inflammatory injury","volume":"55","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.671167","article-title":"The effect of high-fat diet and exercise intervention on the TNF-\u03b1 Level in rat spleen","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz106","article-title":"A journey from microenvironment to macroenvironment: the role of metaflammation and epigenetic changes in cardiorenal disease","volume":"12","author":"Kanbay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00508","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of humira(\u00ae) biosimilar ONS-3010 in healthy volunteers: focus on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"7","author":"Dillingh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28440","article-title":"ELP2 negatively regulates osteoblastic differentiation impaired by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in MC3T3-E1 cells through STAT3 activation","volume":"234","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.674366","article-title":"The fungal metabolite (+)-terrein abrogates ovariectomy-induced bone loss and receptor activator of nuclear factor-\u03baB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing protein kinase-C \u03b1\/\u03b2II phosphorylation","volume":"12","author":"Sakaida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13183","article-title":"Histone hyperacetylation mediates enhanced IL-1\u03b2 production in LPS\/IFN-\u03b3-stimulated macrophages","volume":"160","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00189-x","article-title":"Estrogen-mediated downregulation of HIF-1\u03b1 signaling in B lymphocytes influences postmenopausal bone loss","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00491","article-title":"Highly water-preserving zwitterionic betaine-incorporated collagen sponges with anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation for wound regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030253","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid regulates hepatic energy homeostasis and white adipose tissue macrophages polarization in leptin-deficiency obese mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2023.102754","article-title":"Cholesterol-load evokes robust calcium response in macrophages: An early event toward cholesterol-induced macrophage death","volume":"113","author":"Fujita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.02.018","article-title":"Nimbolide targeting SIRT1 mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting inflammatory signaling","volume":"13","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510160200","article-title":"Inhibition of hormone and cytokine-stimulated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 is associated with increased osteoprotegerin and decreased RANKL and RANK in a STAT6-dependent pathway","volume":"281","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155576","article-title":"Neutrophil aging exacerbates high fat diet induced metabolic alterations","volume":"144","author":"Baragetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.009","article-title":"Senescent immune cells release grancalcin to promote skeletal aging","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0844(199903)17:1<57::AID-CBF811>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"NADPH-oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in neutrophils from rats fed fat-rich diets","volume":"17","author":"Lopes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0697-y","article-title":"Sodium fluoride suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis through decreased insulin-like growth factor-I expression and oxidative stress in primary cultured mouse osteoblasts","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094312","article-title":"Metallothionein 3 promotes osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells via reduction of oxidative stress","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2019.004","article-title":"Cross talk between redox signalling and metabolic activity of osteoblasts and fibroblasts in the presence of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials influences bone regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Ambrozewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Biomed"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110305","article-title":"GSH attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in vitro and LPS-induced bone loss in vivo","volume":"128","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109676","article-title":"Cytoprotective effect of Fufang Lurong Jiangu capsule against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in bone marrow stromal cell-derived osteoblasts through the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115252","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits adipocyte differentiation and cellular senescence of human bone marrow stromal stem cells","volume":"133","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4215","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase controls bone turnover by suppressing osteoclast differentiation through modulating reactive oxygen species level","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5410377","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5410377","article-title":"Orcinol Glucoside Improves Senile Osteoporosis through Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Autophagy of Osteoclast via Activating Nrf2\/Keap1 and mTOR Signaling Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00202-z","article-title":"The correlation between the Th17\/Treg cell balance and bone health","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00693-0","article-title":"Osteoclastogenic T(reg) cells promote bone loss in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Onuora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.02.003","article-title":"T cell metabolism in homeostasis and cancer immunity","volume":"68","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108411","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in Th17 cell function","volume":"245","author":"Kanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.07.011","article-title":"Oxidized lipids enhance RANKL production by T lymphocytes: implications for lipid-induced bone loss","volume":"133","author":"Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.01.017","article-title":"CD150high bone marrow tregs maintain hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and immune privilege via adenosine","volume":"22","author":"Hirata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13351","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia alters regulatory T cell function and promotes resistance to tolerance induction through costimulatory molecule blockade","volume":"15","author":"Bagley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049149","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia-induced metabolic changes in regulatory T cells result in altered function","volume":"51","author":"Hyde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.042","article-title":"Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"357","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23138","article-title":"Treg cells suppress osteoclast formation: a new link between the immune system and bone","volume":"56","author":"Zaiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01314-y","article-title":"Exosomes derived from reparative M2-like macrophages prevent bone loss in murine periodontitis models via IL-10 mRNA","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1416","article-title":"DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF CD4+T CELLS AND CD8+T CELLS ON THE INDUCTION OF OSTEOCLASTS FROM HUMAN MONOCYTES","volume":"73","author":"Kondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00578","article-title":"Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in bone and hematopoietic homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27535","article-title":"Increased bone density and resistance to ovariectomy-induced bone loss in FoxP3-transgenic mice based on impaired osteoclast differentiation","volume":"62","author":"Zaiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.862866","article-title":"The mechanisms of effector th cell responses contribute to treg cell function: new insights into pathogenesis and therapy of asthma","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2022.2036993","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers pre and post-treatment in new diagnosed atherosclerotic patients","volume":"44","author":"Belce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac544.210","article-title":"Influence of gender on coronary atherosclerosis and inflammatory biomarker profile: a CT angiographic study","volume":"43","author":"Bittner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.03.005","article-title":"Functional nano-vector boost anti-atherosclerosis efficacy of berberine in Apoe (-\/-) mice","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13350","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia promotes anti-donor th17 responses that accelerate allograft rejection","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.021","article-title":"Proatherogenic conditions promote autoimmune T helper 17 cell responses in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8","article-title":"The pathogenicity of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"41","author":"Yasuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061775","article-title":"Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction","volume":"203","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.827461","article-title":"mTOR signaling in the regulation of CD4+ T cell subsets in periodontal diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A22","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209124.54","article-title":"IL-17A-LOW CCR6+TH CELL POPULATIONS OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ARE PATHOGENIC, MULTIDRUG RESISTANT AND ASSOCIATED WITH DMARD AND GLUCOCORTICOID TREATMENT RESPONSE","volume":"75","author":"van Hamburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.625034","article-title":"Interleukin-17A interweaves the skeletal and immune systems","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.11.010","article-title":"Osteoclasts in arthritis and Th17 cell development","volume":"11","author":"Okamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143391","article-title":"Nanoengineering multifunctional extracellular vesicles availably mitigate bone loss in osteoporosis through binding to RANKL and rebalancing the Treg\/Th17 cells","volume":"467","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00640","article-title":"Osteoimmune interactions in inflammatory bowel disease: central role of bone marrow th17 TNF\u03b1 Cells in osteoclastogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Wakkach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306947","article-title":"Bone marrow Th17 TNF\u03b1 cells induce osteoclast differentiation, and link bone destruction to IBD","volume":"64","author":"Ciucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.9.1513","article-title":"Interleukin-17: A new bone acting cytokine in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Van bezooijen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3600","article-title":"IL-17 receptor signaling in osteoblasts\/osteocytes mediates PTH-induced bone loss and enhances osteocytic RANKL production","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-eular.6724","article-title":"EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION ON OSTEOBLASTS, OSTEOCLASTS, AND OSTEOCYTES","volume":"74","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0025-4","article-title":"ACC1 determines memory potential of individual CD4+ T cells by regulating de novo fatty acid biosynthesis","volume":"1","author":"Endo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.014","article-title":"Obesity drives th17 cell differentiation by inducing the lipid metabolic kinase, ACC1","volume":"12","author":"Endo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3037","article-title":"Fatty acid regulation of TH17 cells","volume":"15","author":"Fehervari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3704","article-title":"De novo fatty acid synthesis controls the fate between regulatory T and T helper 17 cells","volume":"20","author":"Berod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-209841","article-title":"Bone structure and B-cell populations, crippled by obesity, are partially rescued by brief daily exposure to low-magnitude mechanical signals","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100399","article-title":"Associations between serum cholesterol and immunophenotypical characteristics of circulatory B cells and Tregs","volume":"64","author":"Schmitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.022","article-title":"Dyslipidemia-associated alterations in B cell subpopulation frequency and phenotype during experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"247","author":"Rinc\u00f3n-Ar\u00e9valo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.028","article-title":"Interactions between inflammation and lipid metabolism: relevance for efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"228","author":"van Diepen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.09.009","article-title":"Metabolic disorders and inflammation are associated with familial combined hyperlipemia","volume":"490","author":"D\u00edaz-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13805","article-title":"Vascular inflammation and low-density lipoproteins: is cholesterol the link? A lesson from the clinical trials","volume":"174","author":"Catapano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.377945","article-title":"Receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand (RANKL) protein expression by B lymphocytes contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss","volume":"287","author":"Onal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J OF Biol Chem"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125705","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/125705","article-title":"The role of inflammatory cytokines, the RANKL\/OPG axis, and the immunoskeletal interface in physiological bone turnover and osteoporosis","volume":"2013","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2174\/1876525401406010008","article-title":"B cell production of both OPG and RANKL is significantly increased in aged mice","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Bone J"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.11.003","article-title":"Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) regulates neutrophils infiltration and periodontal tissue destruction in an experimental periodontitis","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131744","article-title":"The inflammatory contribution of B-lymphocytes and neutrophils in progression to osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Frase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-037994","article-title":"B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.05.014","article-title":"Interaction between bone and immune cells: Implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"123","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00661.x","article-title":"Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation","volume":"224","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-12-1084","article-title":"B regulatory cells are increased in hypercholesterolaemic mice and protect from lesion development via IL-10","volume":"114","author":"Strom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14832","article-title":"IL-10 induces MC3T3-E1 cells differentiation towards osteoblastic fate in murine model","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-8-4","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits osteoclastogenesis by reducing NFATc1 expression and preventing its translocation to the nucleus","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3554","article-title":"Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-8998-3","article-title":"IL-35: a new immunomodulator in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"66","author":"Sakkas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.2929","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.12.003","article-title":"A dual role of TGF-\u03b2 in human osteoclast differentiation mediated by Smad1 versus Smad3 signaling","volume":"206","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12719","article-title":"Regulatory B cell is critical in bone union process through suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating Foxp3 in Treg cells","volume":"44","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774535\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:50:36Z","timestamp":1773211836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774535\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774535","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"article-number":"1774535"}}