{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:31:45Z","timestamp":1784932305167,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still a leading cause of death due to infection globally, yet precise severity assessment remains a significant clinical problem. More than any other group of cytokines, interleukins are central to the regulation of inflammation and shed light on this intricate pathology. In the present review we summarize the biological and clinical characteristics of some of the principal interleukins (ILs) in CAP, classified primarily according to their physiological activity as pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12), anti-inflammatory (IL-7, IL-10 and IL-37), dual-action (IL-4 and IL-17), and emerging factors (IL-3, IL-27 and IL-33). Additionally, recent multimodal approaches are discussed such as combining cytokines with organ dysfunction parameters (MR-proADM) or revealing host-response patterns to inform antibiotic and corticosteroid management. We propose that the field needs to transition to immunological endotyping, multi-omics (integrating genetics and lung microbiome), and artificial intelligence (AI) models based on dynamic patient data to achieve precision medicine in CAP management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1774731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:46:44Z","timestamp":1771915604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interleukins in community-acquired pneumonia: from biomarkers to precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the First Mobile Corps of the Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force","place":["Dingzhou, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongshuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Innovation Research, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and Pathology, Jiangsu Provincial Corps Hospital of People's Armed Police (PAP)","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihui","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the First Mobile Corps of the Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force","place":["Dingzhou, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Weigongqiao Outpatient, Jingxi Medical Section of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the First Mobile Corps of the Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Force","place":["Dingzhou, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(24)00176-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"24","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. 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