{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1773335153728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7264278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7264278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin (IL)-24, a member of the IL-20 cytokine family, is secreted by multiple cell types, such as immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages), and non-immune cells (epithelial cells and fibroblasts). IL-24 and its downstream signaling pathways mediate vital biological processes, including processes governing cell growth, fate determination, cell death, and inflammation, albeit with effects that are context-dependent across disease states. In this review, we present comprehensive summary and recent breakthroughs in IL-24 characterization and its emerging pathogenic functions in type 2 immune diseases, including chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), bullous pemphigoid (BP), chronic nodular prurigo (CNPG), and allergic airway diseases, in an attempt to provide valuable insights for developing its potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:28:01Z","timestamp":1773293281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interleukin-24 in type 2 immune diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Jingxi Campus, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17707","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation and its role in dermatologic diseases","volume":"64","author":"Chovatiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9160","article-title":"The melanoma differentiation associated gene mda-7 suppresses cancer cell growth","volume":"93","author":"Jiang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.10.5859","article-title":"Cutting edge: FISP (IL-4-induced secreted protein), a novel cytokine-like molecule secreted by Th2 cells","volume":"166","author":"Schaefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19990701)74:1<1::AID-JCB1>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Cutaneous rat wounds express c49a, a novel gene with homology to the human melanoma differentiation associated gene, mda-7","volume":"74","author":"Soo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6041","article-title":"The protein product of the tumor suppressor gene, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7, exhibits immunostimulatory activity and is designated IL-24","volume":"168","author":"Caudell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.08.019","article-title":"Keratinocyte-derived IL-24 plays a role in the positive feedback regulation of epidermal inflammation in response to environmental and endogenous toxic stressors","volume":"280","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2015.11.001","article-title":"Differential expression of inflammation-related genes in IL-4 transgenic mice before and after the onset of atopic dermatitis skin lesions","volume":"30","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.003","article-title":"Discrete roles of STAT4 and STAT6 transcription factors in tuning epigenetic modifications and transcription during T helper cell differentiation","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13437","article-title":"The IL-13\/periostin\/IL-24 pathway causes epidermal barrier dysfunction in allergic skin inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Mitamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0205116","article-title":"Cytokine induction of interleukin-24 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"78","author":"Poindexter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002620","article-title":"Stat6 and c-Jun mediate Th2 cell-specific IL-24 gene expression","volume":"186","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md 1950)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425523","article-title":"Regulation of T cells and cytokines by the interleukin-10 (IL-10)-family cytokines IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26","volume":"36","author":"Oral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002762","article-title":"Expansion of parasite-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IL-10 superfamily cytokine members and their regulation in human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"8","author":"Anuradha","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.04.005","article-title":"Modulation of Th1\/Tc1 and Th17\/Tc17 responses in pulmonary tuberculosis by IL-20 subfamily of cytokines","volume":"108","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.022","article-title":"The cytokine IL-17A limits Th17 pathogenicity via a negative feedback loop driven by autocrine induction of IL-24","volume":"53","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250083","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus-derived factors promote human Th9 cell polarization and enhance a transcriptional program associated with allergic inflammation","volume":"53","author":"Badolati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-220251","article-title":"Interleukin-24 inhibits the plasma cell differentiation program in human germinal center B cells","volume":"115","author":"Maarof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12285","article-title":"Expression of interleukin (IL)-19 and IL-24 in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"177","author":"Fonseca-Camarillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.717079","article-title":"Interleukin-24 mediates apoptosis in human B-cells through early activation of cell cycle arrest followed by late induction of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway","volume":"54","author":"Hadife","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622306","article-title":"The role of natural killer cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"12","author":"Kucuksezer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701340","article-title":"Cell-specific requirements for STAT proteins and type I IFN receptor signaling discretely regulate IL-24 and IL-10 expression in NK cells and macrophages","volume":"200","author":"Dabitao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13110","article-title":"Decidual stromal cells promote the differentiation of CD56bright CD16- NK cells by secreting IL-24 in early pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol (New York NY 1989)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05618-6","article-title":"Role of IL-24 in NK cell activation and its clinical implication in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-2985-00135","article-title":"IL-24 is expressed by rat and human macrophages","volume":"205","author":"Garn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.180962","article-title":"CD4+ T helper 2 cell-macrophage crosstalk induces IL-24-mediated breast cancer suppression","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00650-6","article-title":"IL-24 deficiency protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by repressing IL-4-induced M2 program in macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36517","article-title":"Hsa_circ_0000092 up-regulates IL24 by SMC1A to induce macrophages M2 polarization","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.05.018","article-title":"Myeloid cells migrate in response to IL-24","volume":"55","author":"Buzas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38156-4","article-title":"IL-24 contributes to skin inflammation in Para-Phenylenediamine-induced contact hypersensitivity","volume":"9","author":"Van Belle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.031","article-title":"A tissue injury sensing and repair pathway distinct from host pathogen defense","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.22-0356","article-title":"Immune response characterization of primary gingival fibroblasts from Grade C periodontitis patients","volume":"94","author":"Stolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02890-7","article-title":"Interleukin-24 regulates mucosal remodeling in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"19","author":"\u00d3nody","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02221-2","article-title":"Role of IL-24 in the mucosal remodeling of children with coeliac disease","volume":"18","author":"Rokonay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050741","article-title":"IL24 expression in synovial myofibroblasts: Implications for female osteoarthritis pain through propensity score matching analysis","volume":"60","author":"Shibata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44994-w","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of psoriasis resolution demonstrates an inflammatory fibroblast state targeted by IL-23 blockade","volume":"15","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116738","article-title":"Interleukin-24: A molecular mediator of particulate matter's impact on skin aging","volume":"282","author":"Seong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3766","article-title":"The IL-20 subfamily of cytokines--from host defence to tissue homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Rutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2006.00516.x","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-19, IL-20 and IL-24 are produced by and act on keratinocytes and are distinct from classical ILs","volume":"15","author":"Kunz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0964-7","article-title":"The interleukin-20 receptor axis in early rheumatoid arthritis: novel links between disease-associated autoantibodies and radiographic progression","volume":"18","author":"Kragstrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40591-016-0046-x","article-title":"Interleukin 20 regulates dendritic cell migration and expression of co-stimulatory molecules","volume":"4","author":"Bech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205114200","article-title":"Interleukins 19, 20, and 24 signal through two distinct receptor complexes. Differences in receptor-ligand interactions mediate unique biological functions","volume":"277","author":"Parrish-Novak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.08.033","article-title":"Neutralizing IL-22RA1 improves histologic and molecular alterations associated with atopic dermatitis pathogenesis","volume":"157","author":"Wasserer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010325","article-title":"Multifaceted roles of IL-26 in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"27","author":"Georgieva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.7.3545","article-title":"Cutting edge: STAT activation by IL-19, IL-20 and mda-7 through IL-20 receptor complexes of two types","volume":"167","author":"Dumoutier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2014.45","article-title":"MDA-7\/IL-24 inhibits Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response through activation of p38 pathway and inhibition of ERK pathway involved in cancer cell apoptosis","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133365","article-title":"Interleukin 24: Signal transduction pathways","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-06-0577","article-title":"BiP\/GRP78 is an intracellular target for MDA-7\/IL-24 induction of cancer-specific apoptosis","volume":"66","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.057","article-title":"Sigma 1 receptor plays a prominent role in IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis","volume":"439","author":"Do","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20212443","article-title":"IL-24 intrinsically regulates Th17 cell pathogenicity in mice","volume":"219","author":"Sie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6763","article-title":"Protein kinase R is an innate immune sensor of proteotoxic stress via accumulation of cytoplasmic IL-24","volume":"7","author":"Davidson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.15568","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: A review","volume":"332","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.035","article-title":"IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"142","author":"Schmetzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15640","article-title":"Immunological effects and potential mechanisms of action of autologous serum therapy in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13832","article-title":"Increased expression of IL-24 in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"74","author":"de Montjoye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.035","article-title":"T cell-derived microvesicles induce mast cell production of IL-24: relevance to inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"133","author":"Shefler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.042","article-title":"IL-31 regulates differentiation and filaggrin expression in human organotypic skin models","volume":"129","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249412","article-title":"IL-24 negatively regulates keratinocyte differentiation induced by tapinarof, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator: Implication in the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"21","author":"Vu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.05.017","article-title":"Targeting IL-24 signaling to restore skin barrier function: Discovery of penta-O-galloyl-b-D-glucose through in silico screening","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2637","article-title":"Signaling via the IL-20 receptor inhibits cutaneous production of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-17A to promote infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"14","author":"Myles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwae030","article-title":"IL-24 promotes atopic dermatitis-like inflammation through driving MRSA-induced allergic responses","volume":"16","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.10.032","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis endotypes and implications for targeted therapeutics","volume":"143","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.009","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling in keratinocytes triggers interleukin-24-dependent psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice","volume":"39","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901829","article-title":"IL-24 transgenic mice: in vivo evidence of overlapping functions for IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 in the epidermis","volume":"184","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022343118","article-title":"HMGB1-mediated chromatin remodeling attenuates Il24 gene expression for the protection from allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"118","author":"Senda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.802","article-title":"IL-20 receptor 2 signaling down-regulates antigen-specific T cell responses","volume":"182","author":"Wahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20467","article-title":"IL-24 for bullous pemphigoid severity: A case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Ran","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62495-2","article-title":"IgG autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid induce a pathogenic MyD88-dependent pro-inflammatory response in keratinocytes","volume":"16","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.04.019","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing defines disease-specific differences between chronic nodular prurigo and atopic dermatitis","volume":"152","author":"Alkon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.027","article-title":"Biomatrix for upper and lower airway biomarkers in patients with allergic asthma","volume":"142","author":"Zissler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.110","article-title":"Interleukin-4 and interferon-\u03b3 orchestrate an epithelial polarization in the airways","volume":"9","author":"Zissler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.08.034","article-title":"Targeting IL-22RA1 with temtokibart: A novel approach in atopic dermatitis: Phase 2a monotherapy study results","volume":"157","author":"Thaci","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00388-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical treatments: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial","volume":"387","author":"Thaci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.031","article-title":"Phase 2b randomized clinical trial of amlitelimab, an anti-OX40 ligand antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"155","author":"Weidinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"NCT05923099"},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"IL-22RA1 antagonism with temtokibart provides significant early and sustained improvements in atopic dermatitis: results from a phase 2b dose-finding trial","author":"Weidinger","year":"2025"},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Temtokibart, an IL-22RA1 Monoclonal Antibody broadly dampens gene expression markers of activated immune pathways in Atopic Dermatitis: Results from a Phase 2b Trial Subgroup Analysis","author":"Del Duca","year":"2025"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.01.016","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fezakinumab (an IL-22 monoclonal antibody) in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by conventional treatments: A randomized, double-blind, phase 2a trial","volume":"78","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.028","article-title":"Baseline IL-22 expression in patients with atopic dermatitis stratifies tissue responses to fezakinumab","volume":"143","author":"Brunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776623\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:28:06Z","timestamp":1773293286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776623\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"1776623"}}