{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:39:01Z","timestamp":1793417941708,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activation of interferon (IFN) pathways is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease (SjD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While type I IFN signatures have been extensively characterized, the systemic relevance of circulating type III IFNs and the clinical implications of the relative balance between IFN types I, II, and III remain insufficiently explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this real-life, exploratory study, plasma concentrations of IFN-\u03b12, IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, IFN-\u03bb1, and IFN-\u03bb2 were measured in patients with SjD (n = 59), SLE (n = 35), and healthy controls (n = 30). Disease activity and patient-reported outcomes were assessed using ESSDAI, ESSPRI, and SLEDAI-2K. In addition to absolute IFN concentrations, ratios between IFN subtypes were analyzed to reflect interferon pathway balance. Non-parametric statistical analyses with correction for multiple testing were applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Absolute plasma concentrations of individual IFN subtypes did not differ significantly between the study groups. In SjD, exploratory correlation analyses revealed a significant association between the IFN-\u03b12\/IFN-\u03b3 ratio and pain severity assessed by ESSPRI (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.48, adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). This association was independent of systemic inflammatory activity measured by ESSDAI. Furthermore, selected IFN ratios involving IFN-\u03bb differed between SLE and SjD, suggesting disease-specific patterns of interferon balance. No significant associations were observed between IFN parameters and SLEDAI-2K scores in SLE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that the relative balance between interferon pathways, rather than absolute circulating IFN levels, may be clinically relevant in SjD, particularly with respect to patient-reported pain. Interferon subtype ratios may represent exploratory biomarkers of immune dysregulation. Further studies integrating systemic, tissue-level, and transcriptomic approaches are warranted to validate these observations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1778090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:24:44Z","timestamp":1775107484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Imbalance of type I and II interferon pathways is associated with pain perception in Sjogren\u2019s disease: a real-life study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Proc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Gajdanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyna","family":"Korman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Wuczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Jutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, 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