{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1778652952303,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease (BD) may initially manifest solely with mucocutaneous involvement. This study aimed to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with subsequent intestinal involvement in patients presenting exclusively with mucocutaneous manifestations during early disease stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from the International AutoInflammatory Disease Alliance Network registry dedicated to BD; a Bayesian statistical approach was employed to address the limited sample size resulting from subgroup stratifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 328 BD patients with exclusively mucocutaneous onset were enrolled; of these, 46 (14%) developed intestinal involvement over time. The risk of ocular involvement was higher among patients with intestinal manifestations (OR: 3.02, 95% CrI: 1.24\u20136.08; posterior probability: 99.3%). Minor aphthous ulcers without major aphthosis were protective towards intestinal involvement (OR: 0.47, 95% CrI: 0.22\u20130.98; posterior probability: 97.98%). Conversely, major aphthous ulcers increased the risk (OR: 3.25, 95% CrI: 1.50\u20137.02; posterior probability: 99.7%), along with the combination of oral major aphthosis with: i) genital aphthosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.77, 95%CrI: 1.14-6.58; posterior probability: 98.45%); ii) pseudofolliculitis (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.18, 95%CrI: 1.15-8.33; posterior probability: 98.72%); iii) genital aphthosis plus pseudofolliculitis (OR\u00a0=\u00a05.22, 95%CrI: 1.71-16.35; posterior probability of 99.77%). Pseudofolliculitis plus cutaneous manifestations other than erythema nodosum were protective against intestinal involvement (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.01, 95%CrI: 0.0-0.98; posterior probability: 97.55%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major aphthosis was the strongest factor associated with intestinal involvement in BD patients initially presenting with mucocutaneous symptoms only. In such patients, intestinal involvement correlated with increased risk of ocular inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1778171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:57:15Z","timestamp":1778651835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of intestinal involvement in mucocutaneous-onset Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: data from the AIDA network registry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vitale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Caggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Sbalchiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Gavioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lopalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaafar","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Newgiza University, 6th of October","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Almaglouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Tufan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Immunology and Clinical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haner","family":"Direskeneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Marmara University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Ruscitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila","place":["L'Aquila, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclen","family":"Hatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Carubbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Internal Medicine and Nephrology Division, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, San Salvatore 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Can","family":"Kardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Yahya","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Letizia Pia di","family":"Corcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Immunology and Clinical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma Alibaz","family":"\u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Marmara 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