{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:59:23Z","timestamp":1788296363516,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":441,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin diseases worldwide, characterized by marked clinical heterogeneity, fluctuating disease course, and strong sensitivity to environmental and lifestyle factors. The exposome, encompassing lifelong environmental, lifestyle, psychosocial, microbial, and intrinsic exposures, offers an integrative framework for re-conceptualizing acne as an environmentally modulated inflammatory disease. This review synthesizes external and internal exposomal drivers of acne, including pollution, radiation, climate and occupational factors, diet, smoking, cosmetics, psychosocial stress, and microbial ecosystems. We highlight the sebaceous gland as a central exposome sensor that integrates metabolic, immune, microbial, and neuroendocrine signals. Genetic susceptibility, epigenetic reprogramming, and non-coding RNA networks are key modifiers translating environmental exposures into persistent inflammatory and metabolic responses within the pilosebaceous unit. Importantly, adopting a health equity and social determinants of health (SDOH) perspective, we emphasize how structural and socioeconomic inequalities shape exposome burden, disease severity, and access to care. We propose that exposome-informed, low-cost, community-level prevention strategies, combined with evidence-based therapies, offer a pragmatic and equitable approach to acne management. Integrating molecular mechanisms with real-world and equity considerations, this framework advances understanding of acne pathophysiology and supports translation into more inclusive clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:26:33Z","timestamp":1773725193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exposome involvement in the development of acne vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katerina","family":"Grafanaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology-Venereology, School of Medicine, University of Patras","place":["Patras, Greece"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","place":["Patras, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Bakoli Sgourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","place":["Patras, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Maniatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","place":["Patras, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos C.","family":"Zouboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Immunology, Universitaetsklinikum Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg","place":["Neuruppin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62715-3","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"10","author":"Heng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.10.062","article-title":"The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in a multiethnic adolescent population from Rotterdam, the Netherlands: A cross-sectional study","volume":"90","author":"Witkam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19349","article-title":"A call for action to tackle the increasing global burden and challenges of acne","volume":"37","author":"Oon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000506627","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation amongst patients with facial dermatoses (Acne, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, and folliculitis) in Lithuania","volume":"236","author":"Lukaviciute","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.037","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris","volume":"74","author":"Zaenglein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004","article-title":"Acne and sebaceous gland function","volume":"22","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12030106","article-title":"The epidemiology of acne in the current era: trends and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Gugulu\u015f","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"16","article-title":"Is acne the same around the world","volume":"17","author":"Alexis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14184","article-title":"Sebaceous gland: Milestones of 30-year modelling research dedicated to the \u201cbrain of the skin","volume":"29","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14172","article-title":"Endocrinology and immunology of acne: Two sides of the same coin","volume":"29","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1029818","article-title":"Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations","volume":"13","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000513259","article-title":"Involvement of pattern recognition receptors in the direct influence of bacterial components and standard antiacne compounds on human sebaceous gland cells","volume":"34","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.3.1535","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"169","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107159","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of essential oils against Cutibacterium acnes: Effect upon strains from phylotypes with different virulence patterns","volume":"199","author":"Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102575","article-title":"Porphyrins produced by acneic Cutibacterium acnes strains activate the inflammasome by inducing K+ leakage","volume":"24","author":"Spittaels","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16614","article-title":"Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin","volume":"34","author":"Passeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr236","article-title":"The exposome: from concept to utility","volume":"41","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062180","article-title":"The imprint of exposome on the development of atopic dermatitis across the lifespan: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Grafanaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.70112","article-title":"The exposomal imprint on rosacea: More than skin deep","volume":"40","author":"Grafanaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323","article-title":"Pollution and acne: is there a link","volume":"10","author":"Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1518382","article-title":"Effect of afzelin on inflammation and lipogenesis in particulate matter-stimulated C","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.3964","article-title":"Formalin-killed Propionibacterium acnes activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and modifies differentiation of SZ95 sebocytes in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14820","article-title":"The influence of exposome on acne","volume":"32","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20061","article-title":"Acne lesions cycle","volume":"39","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15726","article-title":"Sun exposure, a relevant exposome factor in acne patients and how photoprotection can improve outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Piquero-Casals","year":"2023","journal-title":"J cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040328","article-title":"Alcohol promotes lipogenesis in sebocytes-implications for acne","volume":"13","author":"Kleemann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14780","article-title":"Desaturation of sebaceous-type saturated fatty acids through the SCD1 and the FADS2 pathways impacts lipid neosynthesis and inflammatory response in sebocytes in culture","volume":"32","author":"Flori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000527471","article-title":"Free fatty acids induce lipid accumulation, autophagy, and apoptosis in human sebocytes","volume":"36","author":"Hossini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.600017","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor modulates palmitic acid-induced inflammatory and lipid signaling pathways in SZ95 sebocytes","volume":"12","author":"T\u00f6r\u0151csik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-024-00478-4","article-title":"Paeoniflorin mitigates insulin-like growth factor 1-induced lipogenesis and inflammation in human sebocytes by inhibiting the PI3K\/Akt\/FoxO1 and JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Prod Bioprospect."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701155","article-title":"IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/Akt pathway","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16793","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16793","article-title":"Tea (Camellia sinensis) Seed Saponins Act as Sebosuppression Agents via the AMPK\/mTOR Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15577","article-title":"Lactoferrin regulates sebogenesis and inflammation in SZ95 human sebocytes and mouse model of acne","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.07.010","article-title":"Resveratrol ameliorates lipid accumulation and inflammation in human SZ95 sebocytes via the AMPK signaling pathways in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-014-0063-0","article-title":"Resveratrol demonstrates antimicrobial effects against propionibacterium acnes in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010002","article-title":"Green tea and other tea polyphenols: effects on sebum production and acne vulgaris","volume":"6","author":"Saric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13607","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc as an oral therapy for mild to moderate acne vulgaris","volume":"56","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48182-6","article-title":"Understanding the impact of acne vulgaris and associated psychological distress on self-esteem and quality of life via regression modeling with CADI, DLQI, and WHOQoL","volume":"13","author":"Morshed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.004","article-title":"How acne bumps cause the blues: the influence of acne vulgaris on self-esteem","volume":"4","author":"Gallitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00155","article-title":"Acne and stress: impact of catecholamines on cutibacterium acnes","volume":"6","author":"Borrel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.575164","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes phylotype I and II strains interact differently with human skin cells","volume":"10","author":"Spittaels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11738-0","article-title":"Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and occurrence of inflammatory acne in the adult population","volume":"21","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000484482","article-title":"A time-series study of the effect of air pollution on outpatient visits for acne vulgaris in beijing","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.03.010","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of airborne PM2.5-induced detrimental effects on human keratinocytes","volume":"273","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.145185","article-title":"Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09280-4","article-title":"The impact of airborne pollution and exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on skin: mechanistic and physiological insight","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut Res Int"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12203","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of urban pollution on the quality of skin: a multicentre study in Mexico","volume":"37","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J cosmetic science."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701235","article-title":"Sebocytes express functional cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides and can act to kill propionibacterium acnes","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268595","article-title":"Particulate matter increases Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"17","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2022.34.3.182","article-title":"Dieckol inhibits the effects of particulate matter 10 on sebocytes, outer root sheath cells, and cutibacterium acnes-pretreated mice","volume":"34","author":"Kwack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101256","article-title":"Kim GD. Particulate matter-induced emerging health effects associated with oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Biofilms in skin infections: Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris\n          \n          \n            \n              Coenye\n              T\n            \n            \n              Honraet\n              K\n            \n            \n              Rossel\n              B\n            \n            \n              Nelis\n              HJ\n            \n          \n          \n          2008"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2005","article-title":"Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organ","volume":"86","author":"Roosterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12270","article-title":"Consequences of urban pollution upon skin status","volume":"38","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10502","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310502","article-title":"Environmental air pollutants affecting skin functions with systemic implications","volume":"24","author":"Bocheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.24.159","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"79","article-title":"Occupational tropical acne","volume":"31","author":"Tucker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cutis."},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"Acne tropicalis (Tropical acne)\n          \n          \n            \n              Plewig\n              G\n            \n            \n              Kligman\n              AM\n            \n          \n          Berlin, Heidelberg\n          Springer\n          ACNE and ROSACEA\n          \n          2000"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03274.x","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the severity of acne vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Gfesser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00313.x","article-title":"Seasonal variation in acne vulgaris\u2013myth or reality","volume":"29","author":"Sardana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12777","article-title":"Seasonal aggravation of acne in summers and the effect of temperature and humidity in a study in a tropical setting","volume":"18","author":"Narang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.2.163","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokine Expression and Sebum Production after Exposure of Cultured Human Sebocytes to Ultraviolet A Radiation and Light at Wavelengths of 650 nm and 830 nm","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12330","article-title":"Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16119","article-title":"The role of exposome in acne: results from an international patient survey","volume":"34","author":"Dreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12012","article-title":"Pigment-independent cAMP-mediated epidermal thickening protects against cutaneous UV injury by keratinocyte proliferation","volume":"21","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Changes of comedonal cytokines and sebum secretion after UV irradiation in acne patients","volume":"12","author":"Suh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01235","article-title":"The skin microbiome: is it affected by UV-induced immune suppression","volume":"7","author":"Patra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11030080","article-title":"Deciphering the effects of different types of sunlight radiation on skin function: A review","volume":"11","author":"Letsiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70005","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.70005","article-title":"Effects of light and laser therapies on the microecosystem of sebaceous glands in acne treatment","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2006.09.014","article-title":"The use of photodynamic therapy for treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"25","author":"Nestor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43393","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000043393","article-title":"Association among presentation, severity, and risk factors of acne vulgaris among Chinese college students: A cross-sectional study","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.06.007","article-title":"A new LED device used for photodynamic therapy in treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"Effective intense pulsed light protocol in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris of the chest and back","volume":"15","author":"Piccolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12186","article-title":"The clinical and histological effect of home-use, combination blue-red LED phototherapy for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris in Korean patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"168","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12852","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low levels of ambient UVB are associated with a decreased risk of moderate-to-severe acne: A retrospective cohort study in college students","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodermatology photoimmunology photomedicine."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047798","article-title":"The response of human skin commensal bacteria as a reflection of UV radiation: UV-B decreases porphyrin production","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010072","article-title":"Enhancement and Limitations of Green-Spectrum Dual-Wavelength Irradiation in Porphyrin-Based Antimicrobial Strategies Targeting Cutibacterium acnes subsp. Elongatum","volume":"18","author":"Haag","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.221","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human sebocytes","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2725","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation: The convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production","volume":"10","author":"Tschopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2020.004","article-title":"Repurposing auranofin, an anti-rheumatic gold compound, to treat acne vulgaris by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5455\/jmp.20130127102901","article-title":"Oxidative stress in acne vulgaris: an important therapeutic target","volume":"2","author":"Sahib","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Pathophysiology."},{"key":"B82","article-title":"Oxidants and anti-oxidants status in acne vulgaris patients with varying severity","volume":"44","author":"Al-Shobaili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14441","article-title":"Large prospective study on adult acne in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula: risk factors, demographics, and clinical characteristics","volume":"58","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12783","article-title":"Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Morgado-Carrasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.048","article-title":"Visible light. Part I: Properties and cutaneous effects of visible light","volume":"84","author":"Austin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S55832","article-title":"The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence","volume":"7","author":"Lynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S234231","article-title":"Challenges and solutions in oral isotretinoin in acne: reflections on 35 years of experience","volume":"12","author":"Bettoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B88","article-title":"Clinical relevance of skin barrier changes associated with the use of oral isotretinoin: the importance of barrier repair therapy in patient management","volume":"12","author":"Del Rosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1993.tb02242.x","article-title":"Phototoxic eruptions due to doxycycline--a dose-related phenomenon","volume":"18","author":"Layton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-04049-8","article-title":"Determinants of awareness of risks associated with skin lightening products among female dermatology patients in Mogadishu: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Wehlie","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70453","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70453","article-title":"Skin lightening practice and its cutaneous effects among women in kinondoni municipality, dar es salaam, Tanzania","volume":"24","author":"Francis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000541141","article-title":"Severe nodulocystic acne induced by mercury-containing skin-whitening cream: A case report and call for public awareness","volume":"16","author":"Alsuwaidan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14899","article-title":"The significant health threat from sunbed use as a self treatment in patients with acne","volume":"47","author":"Bali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29110699","article-title":"An epidemiological update on indoor tanning and the risk of skin cancers","volume":"29","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17242","article-title":"Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel","volume":"35","author":"Passeron","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.017","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris","volume":"90","author":"Reynolds","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15519","article-title":"Expert consensus on holistic skin care routine: Focus on acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and sensitive skin syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B98","article-title":"The importance of photoprotection and moisturization in treating acne vulgaris","volume":"13","author":"Bowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12211","article-title":"Consumer acceptability and compliance: the next frontier in sunscreen innovation","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.079","article-title":"Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: A review of tinted sunscreens","volume":"84","author":"Lyons","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70055","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.70055","article-title":"The evolution, safety, and public perception of sunscreens: A historical and contemporary review","volume":"41","author":"Kalia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.5032","article-title":"Impact of iron-oxide containing formulations against visible light-induced skin pigmentation in skin of color individuals","volume":"19","author":"Dumbuya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.9240","article-title":"Photoprotection efficacy of sun protection factor and iron oxide formulations in diverse skin with melasma and photodamage","volume":"24","author":"Grimes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/jdd.6169","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic variations in acne: implications for treatment and skin care recommendations for acne patients with skin of color","volume":"20","author":"Alexis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B105","first-page":"s13223","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic variations in acne: A practical algorithm for treatment and maintenance, including skincare recommendations for skin of color patients with acne","volume":"21","author":"Alexis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.5779","article-title":"Over the counter products for acne treatment and maintenance in latin america: A review of current clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Andriessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00643-2","article-title":"Effects of topical retinoids on acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with skin of color: A clinical review and implications for practice","volume":"23","author":"Callender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B108","first-page":"19","article-title":"Racial differences in clinical characteristics, perceptions and behaviors, and psychosocial impact of adult female acne","volume":"7","author":"Callender","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00862-3","article-title":"Commentary: facial aesthetic dermatological procedures and photoprotection in chinese populations","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ccid.s33860","article-title":"Emotional benefit of cosmetic camouflage in the treatment of facial skin conditions: personal experience and review","volume":"5","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S137788","article-title":"Chemical peels in the treatment of acne: patient selection and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2013.06.001","article-title":"Occupational dermatoses by type of work in Greece","volume":"4","author":"Zorba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saf Health Work."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12903","article-title":"Skin disease after occupational dermal exposure to coal tar: a review of the scientific literature","volume":"54","author":"Moustafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.101600","article-title":"Periorbital comedones and their relationship to pitch tar: a cross-sectional analysis and a review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.3.7862","article-title":"Environmental pollution and acne: Chloracne","volume":"1","author":"Ju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(03)00097-5","article-title":"Photocontact dermatitis and chloracne: two major occupational and environmental skin diseases induced by different actions of halogenated chemicals","volume":"32","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-012-0841-x","article-title":"Accidental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in waste cargo after heavy seas","volume":"87","author":"Budnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global waste transport as Source PCB exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000439046","article-title":"Occluded cigarette smoke exposure causing localized chloracne-like comedones","volume":"231","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B119","unstructured":"Increased flare of acne caused by long time mask wearing during COVID -19 pandemic among general population\n          \n          \n            \n              Han\n              C\n            \n            \n              Shi\n              J\n            \n            \n              Chen\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              Z\n            \n          \n          Dermatologic Ther\n          33\n          2020"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_1054_21","article-title":"Maskne: A new acne variant in covid-19 era","volume":"67","author":"Rathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17436","article-title":"Skin adverse events related to personal protective equipment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Montero-Vilchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15460","article-title":"Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic in Italian health care workers","volume":"35","author":"Proietti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00543","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3904","article-title":"Skin exposures, hand eczema and facial skin disease in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"101","author":"Hamnerius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.03.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of occupational dermatoses associated with personal protective equipment use in the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk factors and mitigation strategies for frontline health care workers","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17679","article-title":"Personal protective equipment use and face acne in health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania: A new occupational acne type","volume":"36","author":"Cretu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2021.05.009","article-title":"Occupational dermatoses related to personal protective equipment used during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Abdali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatologic clinics."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150132720966167","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720966167","article-title":"The effects of the face mask on the skin underneath: A prospective survey during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Techasatian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15120","article-title":"The development of acne vulgaris due to face masks during the pandemic, risk awareness and attitudes of a group of university students","volume":"21","author":"Tun\u00e7er Vural","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"B129","article-title":"Mask acne in skin of color: A significant dermatological condition amidst the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Raju","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15570\/actaapa.2020.25","article-title":"Changes in dermatological complaints among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Metin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02434-z","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of acne in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"315","author":"Dani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adverse Effects of Prolonged Mask Use among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19\n          \n          130\n          \n            \n              Elisheva\n              R\n            \n          \n          J Infect Dis Epidemiol\n          6\n          2020","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510130"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14475","article-title":"Acne prevalence and associations with lifestyle: a cross-sectional online survey of adolescents\/young adults in 7 European countries","volume":"32","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01915.x","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and acne in adolescents: results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Rombouts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700326","article-title":"Severe acne vulgaris and tobacco smoking in young men","volume":"126","author":"Klaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04290.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of acne in the general population: the risk of smoking","volume":"145","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01646.x","article-title":"The association of smoking and acne in men in Hong Kong and in India: a retrospective case-control study in primary care settings","volume":"29","author":"Chuh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.3.9638","article-title":"Acne and smoking","volume":"1","author":"Capitanio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.018","article-title":"Family history, body mass index, selected dietary factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults","volume":"67","author":"Landro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001286","article-title":"Association between acne and smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.11.021","article-title":"Underestimated clinical features of postadolescent acne","volume":"63","author":"Capitanio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000366195","article-title":"Smoking and dietary factors associated with moderate-to-severe acne in French adolescents and young adults: results of a survey using a representative sample","volume":"230","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06724.x","article-title":"Cutaneous responses to environmental stressors","volume":"1271","author":"Valacchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(98)70167-9","article-title":"Less collagen production in smokers","volume":"123","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07575.x","article-title":"Effect of smoking on skin elastic fibres: morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"156","author":"Just","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.1.11","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced interleukin-1 alpha may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult acne","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700434","article-title":"Peroxidated squalene induces the production of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT keratinocytes: a possible role in acne vulgaris","volume":"126","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.021","article-title":"SRB1 as a new redox target of cigarette smoke in human sebocytes","volume":"102","author":"Crivellari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033592","article-title":"Cigarette smoke affects keratinocytes SRB1 expression and localization via H2O2 production and HNE protein adducts formation","volume":"7","author":"Sticozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6540","article-title":"Consumer perspectives on and utilization of medical cannabis to treat dermatologic conditions","volume":"21","author":"Yeroushalmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1675854","article-title":"The potential role of cannabinoids in dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Sheriff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64628","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes","volume":"124","author":"Ol\u00e1h","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13042","article-title":"Differential effectiveness of selected non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids on human sebocyte functions implicates their introduction in dry\/seborrhoeic skin and acne treatment","volume":"25","author":"Ol\u00e1h","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B154","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of 3% Cannabis seeds extract cream for reduction of human cheek skin sebum and erythema content","volume":"28","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202933","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on the Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and lipogenesis in sebocytes","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B156","first-page":"1","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in dermatology","volume":"23","author":"Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Ther Lett"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1972.01620150029011","article-title":"Acne cosmetica","volume":"106","author":"Kligman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)80050-X","article-title":"Comedogenicity of current therapeutic products, cosmetics, and ingredients in the rabbit ear","volume":"10","author":"Fulton","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12298","article-title":"Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions","volume":"28","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296855","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2023.2296855","article-title":"The primary role of sebum in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris and its therapeutic relevance in acne management","volume":"35","author":"Del Rosso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.11074","article-title":"Adult female acne: Clinical and therapeutic particularities (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Branisteanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B162","article-title":"Prevalence of facial acne in adults","volume":"41","author":"Goulden","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2722","article-title":"Acne vulgaris in women: prevalence across the life span","volume":"21","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00357.x","article-title":"An epidemiological study of acne in female adults: results of a survey conducted in France","volume":"15","author":"Poli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_565_17","article-title":"Factors aggravating or precipitating acne in Indian adults: A hospital-based study of 110 cases","volume":"63","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16499","article-title":"Exploring the influencing factors on acne, melasma, and rosacea: A case-control study in China","volume":"23","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J cosmetic Dermatol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101264","article-title":"The heterogeneity and complexity of skin surface lipids in human skin health and disease","volume":"93","author":"Mijaljica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15946","article-title":"Insights into acne and the skin barrier: Optimizing treatment regimens with ceramide-containing skincare","volume":"22","author":"Schachner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000094670","article-title":"The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function","volume":"19","author":"Schmid-Wendtner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124000","article-title":"Intrinsic effects of exposome in atopic dermatitis: genomics, epigenomics and regulatory layers","volume":"12","author":"Grafanaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8030069","article-title":"Towards optimal pH of the skin and topical formulations: from the current state of the art to tailored products","volume":"8","author":"Luki\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.139861","article-title":"Evaluation of pH of bathing soaps and shampoos for skin and hair care","volume":"59","author":"Tarun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S533950","article-title":"A case-control study exploring the association between cosmetic use and acne risk: implications for prevention and clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20145","article-title":"International expert consensus recommendations for the use of dermocosmetics in acne","volume":"39","author":"Thiboutot","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00943-x","article-title":"The role and benefits of dermocosmetics in acne management in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13462","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne","volume":"172","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11060220","article-title":"Addressing the unmet need in acne management: A novel dermocosmetics guideline tailored to asian patient subgroups","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S115192","article-title":"Tolerability and camouflaging effect of corrective makeup for acne: results of a clinical study of a novel face compact cream","volume":"9","author":"Monfrecola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S205170","article-title":"A real-life, international, observational study demonstrating the efficacy of A cosmetic emulsion in the supportive care of mild-to-moderate facial acne","volume":"12","author":"Bettoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6832","article-title":"Plant cell culture extract of Cirsium eriophorum with skin pore refiner activity by modulating sebum production and inflammatory response","volume":"35","author":"Laneri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15705","article-title":"Tolerability and effectiveness of a dermocosmetic product containing Silybum marianum fruit extract in adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin: An international, phase IV, longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Bageorgou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18795","article-title":"The usefulness of a dermocosmetic containing Myrtus communis extract and azelaic acid for maintenance phase of adult female acne: Results from a randomized exploratory investigator-blinded comparative study","volume":"37","author":"Bagatin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5292","article-title":"Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 gene transcription by aspirin and sodium salicylate","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1090-4","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for production of aromatic compounds","volume":"18","author":"Huccetogullari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091273","article-title":"A comprehensive review of azelaic acid pharmacological properties, clinical applications, and innovative topical formulations","volume":"18","author":"Petrovici","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277353","article-title":"Effects of azelaic acid on proliferation and ultrastructure of mouse keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"93","author":"Detmar","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040425","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the multiple functions of niacinamide: therapeutic implications and cosmeceutical applications in functional skincare products","volume":"13","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2000.03705.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier","volume":"143","author":"Tanno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16120","article-title":"A dermocosmetic regimen is able to mitigate skin sensitivity induced by a retinoid-based fixed combination treatment for acne: Results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Khammari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12791","article-title":"Cosmeceuticals based on Rhealba(\u00ae) Oat plantlet extract for the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"28","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14410","article-title":"Fragility of epidermis: acne and post-procedure lesional skin","volume":"31","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19876","article-title":"A dermocosmetic product containing the sap of oat plantlets and Garcinia mangostana extract improves the clinical signs of acne","author":"Carballido","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7449","article-title":"A salicylic acid-based dermocosmetic is effective as an adjunct to benzoyl peroxide for mild to moderate acne and as monotherapy in maintenance post benzoyl peroxide","volume":"22","author":"Khammari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16212","article-title":"Efficacy of ceramides and niacinamide-containing moisturizer versus hydrophilic cream in combination with topical anti-acne treatment in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: A split face, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Tempark","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.8877","article-title":"Integrating dermocosmetic therapy for acne: addressing severity levels in real-life experiences","volume":"24","author":"Belmontesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S474331","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of a dermocosmetic cream as an adjunct to adapalene for mild and moderate acne in Indonesia: results of a multicenter randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Sitohang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1584","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization","volume":"138","author":"Cordain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2022.04.001","article-title":"The role of nutrition in acne vulgaris and hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"40","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinics Dermatol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S69135","article-title":"Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update","volume":"8","author":"Melnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.24875\/BMHIM.21000088","article-title":"Acne and diet: a review of pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"79","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mondrag\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.02.012","article-title":"Diet and acne: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Meixiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101476","article-title":"Impact of diet and nutrition in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"16","author":"Rygu\u0142a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.08.007","article-title":"High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne","volume":"52","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030404","article-title":"Lifetime impact of cow\u2019s milk on overactivation of mTORC1: from fetal to childhood overgrowth, acne, diabetes, cancers, and neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Melnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12898","article-title":"Western diet-induced imbalances of FoxO1 and mTORC1 signalling promote the sebofollicular inflammasomopathy acne vulgaris","volume":"25","author":"Melnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.19828","article-title":"Dietary intervention in acne: Attenuation of increased mTORC1 signaling promoted by Western diet","volume":"4","author":"Melnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914798107","article-title":"Bifurcation of insulin signaling pathway in rat liver: mTORC1 required for stimulation of lipogenesis, but not inhibition of gluconeogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081049","article-title":"Dairy intake and acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 78,529 children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"10","author":"Juhl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.015","article-title":"Dairy intake and acne development: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"38","author":"Aghasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr (Edinburgh Scotland)."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15204","article-title":"The effect of milk consumption on acne: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.107","article-title":"A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.11.005","article-title":"The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dermatol science."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.921866","article-title":"Fatty acid profiling in facial sebum and erythrocytes from adult patients with moderate acne","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2016.12.001","article-title":"Decreased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in acne vulgaris reveals the presence of a proinflammatory state","author":"Aslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040519","article-title":"Deficit of omega-3 fatty acids in acne patients-A cross-sectional pilot study in a german cohort","volume":"14","author":"Guertler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15862","article-title":"Acne and diet: a review","volume":"61","author":"Conforti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030741","article-title":"Omega-3 versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"21","author":"Bali\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-165","article-title":"Effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammatory acne","volume":"11","author":"Khayef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health disease."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1802","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid on acne vulgaris: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta dermato-venereologica."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00272","article-title":"Bariatric surgery in a patient on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Imam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071303","article-title":"Acne, microbiome, and probiotics: the gut-skin axis","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78603-z","article-title":"Causal association of gut microbes and blood metabolites with acne identified through systematic mendelian randomization","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299107","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2023.2299107","article-title":"The adjuvant treatment role of \u03c9-3 fatty acids by regulating gut microbiota positively in the acne vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.107010","article-title":"A review of short-Chain fatty acids in gut and skin: Possible implications in skin aging","volume":"133","author":"Nambidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.2402","article-title":"Influence of \u03c9-3 fatty acids on triglyceride levels in patients using isotretinoin","volume":"151","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.6.706","article-title":"The effect of evening primrose oil for the prevention of xerotic cheilitis in acne patients being treated with isotretinoin: a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153315","article-title":"Linoleic acid induced changes in SZ95 sebocytes-comparison with palmitic acid and arachidonic acid","volume":"15","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf052","article-title":"Causal association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and acne: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/skinhd\/vzae009","article-title":"The role of lipid metabolism in acne risk: integrating blood metabolite and genetic insights","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"B230","article-title":"Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes","volume":"90","author":"Silverberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cutis."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13188","article-title":"Dark chocolate exacerbates acne","volume":"55","author":"Vongraviopap","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B232","first-page":"19","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the effect of chocolate consumption in subjects with a history of acne vulgaris","volume":"7","author":"Caperton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin aesthetic Dermatol"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2017.19","article-title":"Acne located on the trunk, whey protein supplementation: Is there any association","volume":"7","author":"Cengiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health promotion Perspect"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000325580","article-title":"Evidence for acne-promoting effects of milk and other insulinotropic dairy products","volume":"67","author":"Melnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345102","article-title":"Acne and whey protein supplementation among bodybuilders","volume":"225","author":"Simonart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158229","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2158229","article-title":"The effect of whey protein supplements on acne vulgaris among male adolescents and young adults: A case-control study from north of Jordan","volume":"2024","author":"Muhaidat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol Res practice."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17109","article-title":"Whey protein and male acne: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Sompochpruetikul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.2.8472","article-title":"Sebaceous gland lipids","volume":"1","author":"Picardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.11.017","article-title":"Sebocytes, multifaceted epithelial cells: lipid production and holocrine secretion","volume":"42","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08105-9","article-title":"The metabolic underpinnings of sebaceous lipogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17981","article-title":"Homeostasis of the sebaceous gland and mechanisms of acne pathogenesis","volume":"181","author":"Clayton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.11.029","article-title":"Ductal hypoxia in acne: is it the missing link between comedogenesis and inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Danby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.11.111","article-title":"Hypoxia leads to abnormal epidermal differentiation via HIF-independent pathways","volume":"469","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505537","article-title":"Increased lipid accumulation under hypoxia in SZ95 human sebocytes","volume":"237","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104007","article-title":"ALA-PDT promotes IL-1\u03b2 secretion from human SZ95 sebocytes via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167195","article-title":"TRPV3 promotes sebocyte inflammation via transcriptional modulating TLR2 in acne","volume":"1870","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13636","article-title":"Topical application of autophagy-activating peptide improved skin barrier function and reduced acne symptoms in acne-prone skin","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2020.04.001","article-title":"Autophagy regulates lipid production and contributes to the sebosuppressive effect of retinoic acid in human SZ95 sebocytes","volume":"98","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1426477","article-title":"Unveiling the mechanism of photothermal therapy in acne man-agement: targeting sebaceous gland ferroptosis via umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell membrane-encapsulated Au-Ag-PDA","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.70014","article-title":"The genetics of acne","volume":"89","author":"Van Steensel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14385","article-title":"Genetic architecture of acne vulgaris","volume":"31","author":"Lichtenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S421835","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with acne vulgaris","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02022.x","article-title":"The familial risk of acne vulgaris in Chinese Hans \u2013 a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12160","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Karciauskiene","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19621.x","article-title":"The influence of genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of acne: a twin study of acne in women","volume":"119","author":"Bataille","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2017.58","article-title":"Heritability and GWAS analyses of acne in Australian adolescent twins","volume":"20","author":"Mina-Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum genetics Off J Int Soc Twin Stud"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3870","article-title":"Two new susceptibility loci 1q24.2 and 11p11.2 confer risk to severe acne","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5020","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies three novel susceptibility loci for severe Acne vulgaris","volume":"5","author":"Navarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28252-5","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 29 new acne susceptibility loci","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-023-01326-8","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel loci conferring risk of acne vulgaris","volume":"32","author":"Teder-Laving","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07459-5","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis implicates mediators of hair follicle development and morphogenesis in risk for severe acne","volume":"9","author":"Petridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21234","article-title":"Interactions between TGF-\u03b21, canonical WNT\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and PPAR \u03b3 in radiation-induced fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0101","article-title":"Upregulation of the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway induced by transforming growth factor-beta in hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"86","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol."},{"key":"B264","unstructured":"Fibrotic disease of the skin and lung: shared pathways, environmental drivers, and therapeutic opportunities in a changing climate\n          \n          \n            \n              Katerina\n              G\n            \n            \n              Alexandros\n              M\n            \n            \n              Vasilina\n              S\n            \n            \n              Efstathia\n              P\n            \n            \n              Argyris\n              T\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12045","article-title":"Intense pulsed light enhances transforming growth factor beta1\/Smad3 signaling in acne-prone skin","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.11.034","article-title":"Aberrant wnt signaling induces comedo-like changes in the murine upper hair follicle","volume":"142","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00953-8","article-title":"Gene variants associated with acne vulgaris presentation and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Heng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16567","article-title":"Exploring genetic drug targets in acne vulgaris: A comprehensive proteome-wide mendelian randomization study","volume":"23","author":"Ju","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61850-5","article-title":"The causal relationship between serum metabolites and acne vulgaris: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700213","article-title":"Gene array expression profiling in acne lesions reveals marked upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and matrix remodeling","volume":"126","author":"Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01569.x","article-title":"Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions","volume":"117","author":"Chronnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113121","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms for sebaceous gland self-renewal and regeneration provide durability in response to injury","volume":"42","author":"Veniaminova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm035071","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.035071","article-title":"Plasticity of differentiated cells in wound repair and tumorigenesis, part II: skin and intestine","volume":"11","author":"Burclaff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.04.014","article-title":"Stem cell heterogeneity and plasticity in epithelia","volume":"16","author":"Donati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111735","article-title":"Acne syndromes and mosaicism","volume":"9","author":"Baroud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13784","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 1 in patients with alopecia areata and acne vulgaris: An epigenetic alteration","volume":"63","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18079","article-title":"Minocycline suppresses lipogenesis via inhibition of p300 histone acetyltransferase activity in human SZ95 sebocytes","volume":"36","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121858","article-title":"The effects of synthetic SREBP-1 and PPAR-\u03b3 Decoy oligodeoxynucleotide on acne-like disease in vivo and in vitro via lipogenic regulation","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.02.011","article-title":"GPR119 is a potent regulator of human sebocyte biology","volume":"140","author":"Markovics","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70115","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70115","article-title":"The TRPM5 antagonist triphenylphosphine oxide increases sebaceous lipogenesis and modulates immune phenotype of human sebocytes in a TRPM5-independent manner","volume":"34","author":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109773","article-title":"DNA methylation profiling and integrative multi-omics analysis of skin samples reveal important contribution of epigenetics and immune response in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris","volume":"255","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)."},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199373","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2023.2199373","article-title":"Identification of differentially methylated genes for severe acne by genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epigenetics."},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1196149","article-title":"DNA methylation mediated genetic risk in severe acne in a young men population","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S552840","article-title":"DNA Methylation at cg18095732 Modulates ZDHHC20 Expression and Decreases Acne Vulgaris Risk","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s007950100002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acne","volume":"34","author":"Toyoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Electron Microsc."},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061579","article-title":"The role of skin immune system in acne","volume":"11","author":"Firlej","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1324930","article-title":"A review of skin immune processes in acne","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.309","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes Induces IL-1\u03b2 secretion via the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes","volume":"134","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15399","article-title":"Evaluation of serum levels of interleukins 1-beta, 10 and 12 in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"21","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04255-2","article-title":"Macrophages regulate vascular smooth muscle cell function during atherosclerosis progression through IL-1\u03b2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.438","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 drives inflammatory responses to propionibacterium acnes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"134","author":"Kistowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x","article-title":"Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation","volume":"121","author":"Jeremy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.290","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes promotes Th17 and Th17\/Th1 responses in acne patients","volume":"135","author":"Kistowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16680","article-title":"Atrophic scar formation in patients with acne involves long-acting immune responses with plasma cells and alteration of sebaceous glands","volume":"179","author":"Carlavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18473","article-title":"Methylated miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"36","author":"Radhakrishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08956-8","article-title":"Epigenetic dysregulation in autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"63","author":"Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.10.012","article-title":"Role of epigenetics in the regulation of immune functions of the skin","volume":"141","author":"Sawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16231","article-title":"Acne and hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"178","author":"Pink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0212-4","article-title":"Milk disrupts p53 and DNMT1, the guardians of the genome: implications for acne vulgaris and prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Melnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)."},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063241","article-title":"MicroRNA cross-involvement in acne vulgaris and hidradenitis suppurativa: A literature review","volume":"23","author":"Borgia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00907-1","article-title":"miR-146a modulates TLR1\/2 and 4 induced inflammation and links it with proliferation and lipid production via the indirect regulation of GNG7 in human SZ95 sebocytes","volume":"11","author":"Dull","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_467_22","article-title":"Oxidative stress-related miRNAs in patients with severe acne vulgaris","volume":"67","author":"Cali\u015f","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B303","unstructured":"A Study of FoxO1, mTOR, miR-21, miR-29b, and miR-98 Expression Levels Regarding Metabolic Syndrome in Acne Vulgaris Patients\n          \n          \n            \n              Akda\u011f\n              N\n            \n            \n              Atli\n              E\n            \n            \n              Zhuri\n              D\n            \n            \n              Sezginer G\u00fcler\n              H\n            \n            \n              G\u00fcrsel \u00dcr\u00fcn\n              Y\n            \n          \n          Cureus\n          16\n          2024"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14792","article-title":"MicroRNAs as biomarkers of atrophic scarring in acne: a cross-sectional analysis of 41 patients","volume":"46","author":"Ghumra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B305","unstructured":"The association of miR-191-5p in acne vulgaris and its predictive value for disease progression\n          \n          \n            \n              Luo\n              X\n            \n            \n              Chen\n              T\n            \n            \n              Feng\n              Yy\n            \n            \n              Zhou\n              Pm\n            \n            \n              Kan\n              B\n            \n            \n              Han\n              L\n            \n          \n          Turkish J Biochem\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1554811","article-title":"Serum exosomal microRNA profiling reveals a down-regulation of hsa-miR-124-3p in patients with severe acne","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01268-z","article-title":"Knockdown of H19 inhibits the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris by targeting the miR-196a\/TLR2\/NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation."},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000531978","article-title":"Discovery and potential functional characterization of long noncoding RNAs associated with familial acne inversa with NCSTN mutation","volume":"240","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14948","article-title":"Circular RNA expression profile analysis of severe acne by RNA-Seq and bioinformatics","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111424","article-title":"Hsa_circ_0105040 promotes Cutbacterium acnes biofilm induced inflammation via sponge miR-146a in human keratinocyte","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejmr.2021.88645.1101","article-title":"Circular ribonucleic acid expression in patient with acne","volume":"3","author":"El-Taweel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egyptian J Med Res"},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111422","article-title":"The role of the skin microbiome in acne: challenges and future therapeutic opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Nied\u017awiedzka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62764-8","article-title":"Author Correction: The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health","volume":"10","author":"Barnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04183-1","article-title":"Unique genetic diversity of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from human facial skins in Thailand revealed by the multi-locus sequence typing scheme","volume":"25","author":"Sripath","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.21","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne","volume":"133","author":"Fitz-Gibbon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2847","article-title":"Decrease in diversity of propionibacterium acnes phylotypes in patients with severe acne on the back","volume":"98","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta dermato-venereologica."},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14206","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes phylotypes and acne severity: an observational prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Paugam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13913","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and phylogenetic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients in Japan between 2013 and 2015","volume":"44","author":"Nakase","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25436-3","article-title":"Skin dysbiosis and Cutibacterium acnes biofilm in inflammatory acne lesions of adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Cavallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.01.007","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes-derived extracellular vesicles promote acne-like phenotypes in human epidermis","volume":"138","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105797","article-title":"Different cutibacterium acnes phylotypes release distinct extracellular vesicles","volume":"23","author":"Chudzik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43354-w","article-title":"New insights into the role of Cutibacterium acnes-derived extracellular vesicles in inflammatory skin disorders","volume":"13","author":"Cros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055380","article-title":"Fermentation of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal bacterium in the human skin microbiome, as skin probiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800893","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids from cutibacterium acnes activate both a canonical and epigenetic inflammatory response in human sebocytes","volume":"202","author":"Sanford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aah4609","article-title":"Inhibition of HDAC8 and HDAC9 by microbial short-chain fatty acids breaks immune tolerance of the epidermis to TLR ligands","volume":"1","author":"Sanford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020438","article-title":"Epigenetic regulatory processes involved in the establishment and maintenance of skin homeostasis-the role of microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1482","article-title":"Comparison of the skin microbiota of patients with acne vulgaris and healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann palliative Med"},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18616","article-title":"Evolution of the facial skin microbiome during puberty in normal and acne skin","volume":"37","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-022-00982-5","article-title":"The increasing importance of the gut microbiome in acne vulgaris","volume":"67","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia microbiologica."},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13245","article-title":"Microorganisms inhabiting follicular contents of facial acne are not only Propionibacterium but also Malassezia spp","volume":"43","author":"Akaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates","volume":"32","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology"},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050128","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris: new insights from the integration of population genetic, multi-omic, biochemical and host-microbe studies","volume":"7","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-1885","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16537.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing rosacea","volume":"7","author":"Buddenkotte","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research."},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13296","article-title":"Skin microbiome and acne vulgaris: Staphylococcus, a new actor in acne","volume":"26","author":"Dreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14586","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations in moderate to severe acne vulgaris patients","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2968","article-title":"Patients with acne vulgaris have a distinct gut microbiota in comparison with healthy controls","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermato Venereologica."},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00531-1","article-title":"The skin microbiome: A new actor in inflammatory acne","volume":"21","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S451104","article-title":"Revealing the impact of gut microbiota on acne through mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13473","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13473","article-title":"Gut microbiota and acne: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1504a5486","article-title":"Association between altered gut microbiota and acne vulgaris: A comparative study of trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients and healthy controls","volume":"15","author":"Bal Bayaz\u0131tl\u0131","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Conceptual."},{"key":"B341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14098","article-title":"Comparison of the skin microbiota in acne and rosacea","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97010","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97010","article-title":"The impact of probiotics on acne vulgaris: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010063","article-title":"Microbiome and skin health: A systematic review of nutraceutical interventions, disease severity, inflammation, and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Ashkanani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nuaf205","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf205","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as oral supplements for skin health, function, and disease throughout the life course: A scoping review","volume":"29","author":"Hillier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051249","article-title":"Probiotics in cosmetic and personal care products: trends and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Puebla-Barragan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13279","article-title":"The potential of probiotics for treating acne vulgaris: A review of literature on acne and microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0614-9","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities and anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium spp","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"addressing acne vulgaris. Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"B348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001053","article-title":"New approach in acne therapy: A specific bacteriocin activity and a targeted anti IL-8 property in just 1 probiotic strain, the L. salivarius LS03","volume-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol","author":"Deidda","year":"2018"},{"key":"B349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-021-00664-z","article-title":"Facial acne: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the clinical efficacy of a symbiotic dietary supplement","volume":"12","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)."},{"key":"B350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S498769","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic supplements and topical applications in the treatment of acne: A scoping review of current results","volume":"17","author":"Sutema","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"B351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0300-2","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for the treatment and prevention of adult dermatological diseases","volume":"18","author":"Notay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1340068","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum MH-301 as an effective adjuvant to isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized and open-label trail","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064460","article-title":"A pilot study on the efficacy of topical lotion containing anti-acne postbiotic in subjects with mild -to -moderate acne","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020417","article-title":"Topical administration of lactiplantibacillus plantarum (SkinDuoTM) serum improves anti-acne properties","volume":"11","author":"Podrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041368","article-title":"Effects of lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55 on clinical improvement, skin condition and urine bacterial extracellular vesicles in patients with acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.51545","article-title":"Regulatory effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-GMNL6 on human skin health by improving skin microbiome","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102243","article-title":"Lactobacillus paraplantarum THG-G10 as a potential anti-acne agent with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"64","author":"Cha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"B358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10030077","article-title":"Acne vulgaris topical therapies: application of probiotics as a new prevention strategy","volume":"10","author":"Dapkevicius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2009.00555.x","article-title":"Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Al-Ghazzewi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"B360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_655_22","article-title":"Development of novel topical anti-acne cream containing postbiotics for mild-to-moderate acne: an observational study to evaluate its efficacy","volume":"67","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126912","article-title":"Synergistic combination of Sapindoside A and B: A novel antibiofilm agent against Cutibacterium acnes","volume":"254","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127749","article-title":"Anti-CAMP1 IgG promotes macrophage phagocytosis of Cutibacterium acnes type II","volume":"285","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14032","article-title":"The role of topical probiotics in skin conditions: A systematic review of animal and human studies and implications for future therapies","volume":"29","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B364","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00476-7","article-title":"Topical probiotics in dermatological therapy and skincare: A concise review","volume":"11","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)."},{"key":"B365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14971","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic-derived lotion from Lactobacillus paracasei MSMC 39\u20131 in mild to moderate acne vulgaris, randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Sathikulpakdee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127275","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and the alternatives to conventional antibiotics: The role of probiotics and microbiota in combating antimicrobial resistance","volume":"267","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006","article-title":"Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions","volume":"137","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0323","article-title":"Expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human sebaceous glands","volume":"222","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01312.x","article-title":"Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin","volume":"116","author":"Fritsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.7.897","article-title":"The response of skin disease to stress: changes in the severity of acne vulgaris as affected by examination stress","volume":"139","author":"Chiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20255530","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1504a5530","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and acne: A comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Samaniego","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept."},{"key":"B372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.4.0404","article-title":"Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development","volume":"21","author":"Deplewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B373","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00924.x","article-title":"Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris","volume":"18","author":"Melnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B374","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7235","article-title":"Role of retinoic acid receptor subtypes in the pathophysiology of acne","volume":"22","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18562","article-title":"Isotretinoin is indirectly effective in sebocytes","volume":"182","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222600","article-title":"Acne transcriptomics: fundamentals of acne pathogenesis and isotretinoin treatment","volume":"12","author":"Melnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000017861","article-title":"The human sebocyte culture model provides new insights into development and management of seborrhoea and acne","volume":"196","author":"Zouboulis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.53047","article-title":"Insulin resistance in severe acne vulgaris","volume":"32","author":"Emiro\u011flu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol."},{"key":"B379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.4499","article-title":"Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in young men with acne","volume":"152","author":"Nagpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv5921","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.5921","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic profile of subjects with acne in a cohort of middle-aged patients: A general population study of 1,932 subjects","volume":"103","author":"Sinikumpu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B381","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03354-w","article-title":"Do patients with acne tend to have increased body fat? Comparison of body composition analysis of patients with acne vulgaris and healthy individuals: a prospective case control study","volume":"316","author":"Tamer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115003","article-title":"Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome in acne vulgaris: Pathogenetic connections and potential role of dietary supplements and phytochemicals","volume":"164","author":"Bungau","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082294","article-title":"Insulin resistance in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"Gruszczy\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15223","article-title":"Acne incidence in preadolescents and association with increased body mass index: A population-based retrospective cohort study of 643 cases with age- and sex-matched community controls","volume":"40","author":"Rodriguez Baisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2021.03.010","article-title":"Prepubertal acne: A retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00e9nard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"B386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000501986","article-title":"Severe acne and metabolic syndrome: A possible correlation","volume":"235","author":"Biagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B387","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15162018","article-title":"Acne vulgaris associated with metabolic syndrome: A three-case series highlighting pathophysiological links and therapeutic challenges","volume":"15","author":"Endres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"key":"B388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24750","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24750","article-title":"Acne vulgaris and metabolic syndrome: A possible association","volume":"14","author":"Chandak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_321_20","article-title":"Metabolic status, obesity, and quality of life in patients with acne vulgaris: A cross-sectional case-control study","volume":"66","author":"Podder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.22034\/iji.2022.91791.2107","article-title":"Letter to the editor regarding \u201cAn overview on serology and molecular tests for COVID-19: an important challenge of the current century (doi: 10.22034\/iji.2021.88660.1894.)","volume":"19","author":"Zandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Immunol"},{"key":"B391","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12142","article-title":"Potential role of FoxO1 and mTORC1 in the pathogenesis of Western diet-induced acne","volume":"22","author":"Melnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B392","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14409","article-title":"Skin expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box transcription factor O1, and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acne vulgaris and their relationship with diet","volume":"174","author":"Agamia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","article-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health","volume":"372","author":"Marmot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B394","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S203","article-title":"What are health disparities and health equity? We need to be clear","volume":"2","author":"Braveman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"B395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S206","article-title":"The social determinants of health: it\u2019s time to consider the causes of the causes","volume":"2","author":"Braveman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"B396","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.04.001","article-title":"Exposing some important barriers to health care access in the rural USA","volume":"129","author":"Douthit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B397","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9681-1","article-title":"Traveling towards disease: transportation barriers to health care access","volume":"38","author":"Syed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"B398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.17764","article-title":"A policy prescription for reducing health disparities-achieving pharmacoequity","volume":"326","author":"Essien","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115530","article-title":"Consumption of over-the-counter drugs: prevalence and type of drugs","volume":"18","author":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67215-2","article-title":"Recommendations for managing adult acne and adolescent acne based on an epidemiological study conducted in China","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14471","article-title":"Acne and social media: A cross-sectional study of content quality on TikTok","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45226","article-title":"Navigating digital dermatology: an analysis of acne-related content on tikTok","volume":"15","author":"Irfan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.14433","article-title":"Acne: A thematic qualitative analysis of acne content on tikTok","volume":"66","author":"Iyengar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"B404","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14091","article-title":"The influence of social media on acne treatment: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"37","author":"Yousaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15651","article-title":"Social media use among adolescents with acne: A cross-sectional survey study","volume":"41","author":"Finan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024156","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1403a156","article-title":"Influence of social media and internet on treatment decisions in adult female acne patients: A cross-sectional survey study","volume":"14","author":"Ertekin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept."},{"key":"B407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23169","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23169","article-title":"The influence of social media on the treatment of acne in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Bahaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B408","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19983","article-title":"Impact of acne on women\u2019s social media and dating apps photo activity","volume":"39","author":"Kluger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19798","article-title":"Anatomical variants of acne differ in their impact on social perception","volume":"38","author":"Jankowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1409980","article-title":"The impact of social media information exposure on appearance anxiety in young acne patients: a moderated chain mediation model","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B411","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/jdd.7596","article-title":"Dermatology in contemporary times: building awareness of social media\u2019s association with adolescent skin disease and mental health","volume":"22","author":"Rieder","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"B412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16067","article-title":"Acne from the young patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"34","author":"Claudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02194-4","article-title":"The tragic paradoxical effect of telemedicine on healthcare disparities- a time for redemption: a narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Haimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak."},{"key":"B414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2823","article-title":"Centering health equity in telemedicine","volume":"20","author":"Lyles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"B415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18459","article-title":"Focusing on digital health equity","volume":"326","author":"Lyles","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01274-4","article-title":"Disparities in health care and the digital divide","volume":"23","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.70033","article-title":"Planning and optimizing a digital self-management support intervention: Acne Care Online","volume":"30","author":"Essery","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B418","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231177582","article-title":"The role of sex and gender in dermatology - from pathogenesis to clinical implications","volume":"27","author":"Lagac\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2019.10.006","article-title":"Acne and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender teenager","volume":"38","author":"Ragmanauskaite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13448","article-title":"Transgender adolescents and acne: A cases series","volume":"35","author":"Campos-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17083","article-title":"Acne: a side-effect of masculinizing hormonal therapy in transgender patients","volume":"180","author":"Motosko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00665-w","article-title":"Treating acne in transgender persons receiving testosterone: A practical guide","volume":"23","author":"Radi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B423","unstructured":"Acne incidence and severity in transgender individuals\n          \n          \n            \n              Smith\n              CA\n            \n            \n              Kaabi\n              O\n            \n            \n              Manatunga\n              AK\n            \n            \n              Lash\n              TL\n            \n            \n              Silverberg\n              MJ\n            \n            \n              Getahun\n              D\n            \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.5355","article-title":"Lived experience of acne and acne treatment in transgender patients","volume":"160","author":"Gold","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2024.4788","article-title":"Acne in transgender patients: disease management and treatment recommendations from a group of experts on acne","volume":"34","author":"Auffret","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.1420","article-title":"Isotretinoin for acne in transgender and gender-diverse individuals receiving masculinizing hormone therapy","volume":"160","author":"Choe","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B427","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/der2.181","article-title":"Acne and its association with internalizing problems","volume":"4","author":"Hammill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Rev"},{"key":"B428","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.11.001","article-title":"Quality of life measures for acne patients","volume":"30","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpsych.2017.73016","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with acne","volume":"7","author":"Mufaddel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14477","article-title":"Quality of life, anxiety prevalence, depression symptomatology and suicidal ideation among acne patients in Lithuania","volume":"31","author":"Lukaviciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae531","article-title":"Global prevalence of mental health comorbidity in patients with acne: an analysis of trends from 1961 to 2023","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-025-00983-3","article-title":"The burden of acne vulgaris on health-related quality of life and psychosocial well-being domains: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Layton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47836\/mjmhs.20.1.17","article-title":"Psychological distress and its association with functional disability index among acne patients attending dermatology clinics in the kuantan tertiary hospitals","volume":"20","author":"Samsudin","year":"2024","journal-title":"MJMHS."},{"key":"B434","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754221119496","article-title":"The social and psychological impact of acne treatment: A cross-sectional study of blood donors","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1103a80","article-title":"Solidarity and voluntarism amid the COVID-19 pandemic: skin cancer screening for blood donors","volume":"11","author":"Grafanaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept."},{"key":"B436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091252","article-title":"Real-world evidence of neuropsychiatric adverse reactions to isotretinoin: insights from eudravigilance (2005-2025)","volume":"18","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)."},{"key":"B437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053251375318","article-title":"Resilience and trajectories of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in the context of exposure to acne: Findings from the Lifelines Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"Flinn","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60093-3","article-title":"Health-care equity--for all generations","volume":"373","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105018","article-title":"Health and health system effects on poverty: A narrative review of global evidence","volume":"142","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"key":"B440","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"osae001","DOI":"10.1093\/exposome\/osae001","article-title":"Decoding the exposome: data science methodologies and implications in exposome-wide association studies (ExWASs)","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exposome"},{"key":"B441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"osad009","DOI":"10.1093\/exposome\/osad009","article-title":"Community-level exposomics: a population-centered approach to address public health concerns","volume":"3","author":"Stingone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exposome"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779036\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:26:44Z","timestamp":1773725204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779036\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":441,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"article-number":"1779036"}}