{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:17:36Z","timestamp":1792495056871,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant solid tumor originating from the biliary tract epithelium. Due to its aggressive behavior and late clinical presentation, it poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Therefore, finding specific biomarkers and early screening of CCA susceptible people are the current top priorities. Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles, are secreted by many cells and widely distributed in body fluids. In recent years, exosomes are known to play pivotal roles in cell communication, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune modulation. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between exosomes and cholangiocarcinoma, with a focus on their biological functions, diagnostic implications, and therapeutic potentials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1773988756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exosomes and cholangiocarcinoma: mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoshan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome Medical and Pharmaceutical Basic Research Innovation Center, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2023.107064","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Qurashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6786875","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6786875","article-title":"The potential diagnostic value of exosomal long noncoding RNAs in solid tumors: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00300-2","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Brindley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14095","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14100","article-title":"Medical treatment for cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Adeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32074\/1591-951X-263","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Sarcognato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1079342","article-title":"Conversion therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin: A case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaf016","article-title":"Update for: New developments in systemic therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer","volume":"55","author":"Morizane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2021.1853527","article-title":"Recent advances of immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer","volume":"15","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-024-01243-y","article-title":"Recent advances in immunotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-2022-02","article-title":"Potential of extracellular vesicles and exosomes as diagnostic markers for cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/cgp.20203","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA in biliary tract cancer: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021337","article-title":"The machinery of exosomes: biogenesis, release, and uptake","volume":"24","author":"Krylova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.006","article-title":"Exosomes as mediators of intercellular crosstalk in metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Isaac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","article-title":"Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03294-x","article-title":"Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma: current status and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272378","article-title":"Cancer-derived exosomes: their role in cancer biology and biomarker development","volume":"15","author":"Kok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911789","article-title":"Hypoxia-regulated tumor-derived exosomes and tumor progression: a focus on immune evasion","volume":"23","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00665-y","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment","volume":"29","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115748928280161231123060159","article-title":"Exosome-derived cargos in immune microenvironment in esophageal carcinoma: A mini-review","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01898-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles remodel tumor environment for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168280","article-title":"Exposomes to exosomes: exosomes as tools to study epigenetic adaptive mechanisms in high-altitude humans","volume":"18","author":"Padmasekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2017-0151","article-title":"Exosome: a novel mediator in drug resistance of cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-00353-w","article-title":"Exosomal miRNAs in hepatitis B virus related liver disease: a new hope for biomarker","volume":"12","author":"Bandopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1473030","article-title":"The role of exosomes in liver cancer: comprehensive insights from biological function to therapeutic applications","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1334592","article-title":"Clinical significance of small extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030555","article-title":"Biomarkers for the evaluation of immunotherapy in patients with cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Bousou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115563","article-title":"The arising role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma: a rundown of the current knowledge regarding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"24","author":"Trifylli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v13.i5.332","article-title":"Liquid biopsy in cholangiocarcinoma: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Rompianesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v12.i10.407","article-title":"Exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: Laboratory noise or hope","volume":"12","author":"Laschos","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0036-9","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cancer - implications for future improvements in cancer care","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01074-2","article-title":"Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in cancer - therapeutic and diagnostic potential","volume":"22","author":"Greening","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.08.058","article-title":"Dysregulated microRNA expression profiles in cholangiocarcinoma cell-derived exosomes","volume":"210","author":"Kitdumrongthum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81023-y","article-title":"Utility of Claudin-3 in extracellular vesicles from human bile as biomarkers of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080777","article-title":"FZD10 carried by exosomes sustains cancer cell proliferation","volume":"8","author":"Scavo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2025.151507","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma-derived secreted products and growth arrest-specific 2-like 3 enhance migratory and invasive abilities of fibroblasts","volume":"104","author":"Paungpan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04500-1","article-title":"BMI1 promotes cholangiocarcinoma progression and correlates with antitumor immunity in an exosome-dependent manner","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02207-x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of methods for isolating extracellular vesicles from ICC cell culture supernatants: Insights into proteomic and glycomic analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000437","article-title":"Bile exosomal miR-182\/183-5p increases cholangiocarcinoma stemness and progression by targeting HPGD and increasing PGE2 generation","volume":"79","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.17102","article-title":"Exosomal miR-141-3p induces gemcitabine resistance in biliary tract cancer cells","volume":"44","author":"Tokuhisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2037249","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA-23a-3p contributes to the progression of cholangiocarcinoma by interaction with Dynamin3","volume":"13","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.62602","article-title":"MiR-206 suppresses the deterioration of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and promotes sensitivity to chemotherapy by inhibiting interactions with stromal CAFs","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24711","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miR-30e suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion and migration via inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"9","author":"Ota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01726-6","article-title":"Downregulation of tumor-derived exosomal miR-34c induces cancer-associated fibroblast activation to promote cholangiocarcinoma progress","volume":"21","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217596","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal LINC01812 induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote perineural invasion in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"617","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2024.101745","article-title":"Exosomal linc00152 intensifies the crosstalk between cholangiocarcinoma cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02459-8","article-title":"Circulating tumor cell-derived exosome-transmitted long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1 can promote the proliferation and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-022-00500-2","article-title":"Exosomal lncRNA HCG18 contributes to cholangiocarcinoma growth and metastasis through mediating miR-424-5p\/SOX9 axis through PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190589","article-title":"Circ-0000284 arouses Malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma cells and regulates the biological functions of peripheral cells through cellular communication","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31493","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma-associated circular RNA 1, contributes to cholangiocarcinoma progression, induces angiogenesis, and disrupts vascular endothelial barriers","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04534-0","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages promote cholangiocarcinoma progression via exosomal Circ_0020256","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34676-w","article-title":"Ceramide present in cholangiocarcinoma-derived extracellular vesicle induces a pro-inflammatory state in monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Oliviero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.06.024","article-title":"Proteomics profiling of cholangiocarcinoma exosomes: A potential role of oncogenic protein transferring in cancer progression","volume":"1852","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.11.025","article-title":"PTEN deficiency facilitates exosome secretion and metastasis in cholangiocarcinoma by impairing TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis","volume":"164","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.12.034","article-title":"Lysosomes promote cancer metastasis via exosome in PTEN-deficient tumors","volume":"164","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108774","article-title":"IDH1 as a frequently mutated gene has potential effect on exosomes releasement by epigenetically regulating P2RX7 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B58","article-title":"Exosomal miR-200 family as serum biomarkers for early detection and prognostic prediction of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69995","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19547","article-title":"The diagnostic\/prognostic potential and molecular functions of long non-coding RNAs in the exosomes derived from the bile of human cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01814-3","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma combined with biliary obstruction: an exosomal circRNA signature for diagnosis and early recurrence monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv291","article-title":"Carcinogenic liver fluke secretes extracellular vesicles that promote cholangiocytes to adopt a tumorigenic phenotype","volume":"212","author":"Chaiyadet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24900","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.24900","article-title":"Tumour cell-derived extracellular vesicles interact with mesenchymal stem cells to modulate the microenvironment and enhance cholangiocarcinoma growth","volume":"4","author":"Haga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102694","article-title":"Chitosan hydrogel incorporated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal TIMP2 to inhibit angiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23656","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23656","article-title":"Exosomal circ_0037104 derived from Hu-MSCs inhibits cholangiocarcinoma progression by sponging miR-620 and targeting AFAP1","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00932-7","article-title":"Suppressive effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-15a-5p on the progression of cholangiocarcinoma by inhibiting CHEK1 expression","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1865308","article-title":"Targeting the tumor microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma: implications for therapy","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1500266","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma-derived exosomes inhibit the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells by down-regulating the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and perforin","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1074-3","article-title":"The role of exosomal PD-L1 in tumor progression and immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-022-00607-9","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote the growth, metastasis and chemoresistance in cholangiocarcinoma by delivering microRNA-210 to downregulate RECK","volume":"65","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800159","article-title":"Phosphoproteome profiling of isogenic cancer cell-derived exosome reveals HSP90 as a potential marker for human cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Weeraphan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116539","article-title":"Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) based template-free signal amplification for the detection of exosomes in MUC1-positive cells","volume":"253","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm BioMed Anal"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.027","article-title":"Liquid biopsy-based protein biomarkers for risk prediction, early diagnosis, and prognostication of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Lapitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.730615","article-title":"Exosomal cripto-1 serves as a potential biomarker for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29291","article-title":"Serum extracellular vesicles contain protein biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"66","author":"Arbelaiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107362","article-title":"microRNA profiling of exosomes derived from plasma and their potential as biomarkers for Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"258","author":"Supradit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.985089","article-title":"Bile-derived exosome noncoding RNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0162-6","article-title":"Identification of exosomal miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmaa028","article-title":"Exosomal piRNA profiling revealed unique circulating piRNA signatures of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030721","article-title":"Patients with cholangiocarcinoma present specific RNA profiles in serum and urine extracellular vesicles mirroring the tumor expression: novel liquid biopsy biomarkers for disease diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Lapitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-015-0220-7","article-title":"Exosomes derived from miR-122-modified adipose tissue-derived MSCs increase chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Lou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1512-5","article-title":"MiR-199a-modified exosomes from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve hepatocellular carcinoma chemosensitivity through mTOR pathway","volume":"39","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28735","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles carry microRNA-195 to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and improve survival in a rat model","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.11.013","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for penetrating and targeted chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.09.011","article-title":"Engineering macrophage-derived exosomes for targeted paclitaxel delivery to pulmonary metastases: in vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12729","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with 5\u2011Fu against cholangiocarcinoma in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32387","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes induce immunosuppressive macrophages to foster intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression","volume":"76","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007450","article-title":"Vaccination of hamsters with Opisthorchis viverrini extracellular vesicles and vesicle-derived recombinant tetraspanins induces antibodies that block vesicle uptake by cholangiocytes and reduce parasite burden after challenge infection","volume":"13","author":"Chaiyadet","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01132-8","article-title":"Modification of immune cell-derived exosomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: current advances and therapeutic applications","volume":"56","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01278-3","article-title":"Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779516\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:39:17Z","timestamp":1773988757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779516\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"article-number":"1779516"}}